Physics and Chemistry of Lakes

"This is an attractive and unusual volume...the book is first-rate.." - Science "...interested postgraduates and research workers will, I believe, come to value this book and be increasingly grateful to the authors and editor for years to come." Progress in Physical Geography

1 Global Distribution of Lakes.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Background Material and Approaches to Global Lake Census.- 2.1 Data Used.- 2.2 Approaches to Global Lake Census.- 3 General Laws of Lake Distribution.- 3.1 Lake Density.- 3.2 Limnic Ratio.- 4, Distribution of Lakes of Tectonic Origin.- 5 Lakes of Glacial Origin.- 5.1 Lake Densities.- 5.2 Global Deglaciated Area.- 5.3 Total Number of Glacial Lakes.- 6 Fluvial Lakes.- 7 Global Distribution of Crater Lakes.- 8 Global Distribution of Saline Lakes.- 8.1 Coastal Lagoons.- 8.2 Salinized Lakes due to Evaporation.- 9 Global Lake Distribution.- 9.1 Extrapolation Approach.- 9.2 Lake Type Approach.- 9.3 Climatic Typology Approach.- 9.4 Lake Distribution in Endorheic Areas.- 9.5 Global Dissolved Salt Distribution in Lakes.- 10 Major Changes in Global Lake Distribution in the Geological Past.- 10.1 Lake Ages.- 10.2 Historical Changes.- 10.3 Postglacial Changes.- 11 Discussion and Conclusions.- References.- 2 Hydrological Processes and the Water Budget of Lakes.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Hydrological System with Regard to Lakes.- 2.1 Interaction of Lakes with Atmospheric Water.- 2.2 Interaction of Lakes with Surface Water.- 2.3 Interaction of Lakes with Subsurface Water.- 2.4 Change in Lake Volume.- 3 Summary.- References.- 3 Hydrological and Thermal Response of Lakes to Climate: Description and Modeling.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Hydrological Response.- 3 The Hydrological Budget.- 4 Hydrological Models.- 5 Thermal Response.- 5.1 Energy Budget and Energy Budget Models.- 5.2 Models and Modeling.- 6 Use of Models to Link Lakes with Climate Change.- 7 Input Data Sets.- 8 Sample Applications.- 9 Summary.- References.- 4 Mixing Mechanisms in Lakes.- 1 Transport and Mixing.- 2 Lakes as Physical Systems.- 3 Fluid Dynamics: Mathematical Description of Advection and Diffusion.- 3.1 Equations of Fluid Motion.- 3.2 Turbulence, Reynolds Stress, and Eddy Diffusion.- 3.3 Vertical Momentum Equation.- 3.4 Nonlocal Diffusion and Transilient Mixing.- 4 Density and Stability of Water Column.- 4.1 Equation of State of Water.- 4.2 Potential Temperature and Local Vertical Stability.- 5 Energy Fluxes: Driving Forces Behind Transport and Mixing.- 5.1 Thermal Energy.- 5.2 Potential Energy.- 5.3 Kinetic Energy.- 5.4 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Balance in Stratified Water.- 5.5 Internal Turbulent Energy Fluxes: Turbulence Cascade.- 6 Mixing Processes in Lakes.- 6.1 Waves and Mixing.- 6.2 Mixing in the Surface Layer.- 6.3 Diapycnal Mixing.- 6.4 Boundary Mixing.- 6.5 Double Diffusion.- 6.6 Isopycnal Mixing.- 7 Mixing and Its Ecological Relevance.- 7.1 Time Scales of Mixing.- 7.2 Reactive Species and Patchiness.- 7.3 Mixing and Growth: The Search for an Ecological Steering Factor.- References.- 5 Stable Isotopes of Fresh and Saline Lakes.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Isotope Separation During Evaporation.- 2 Small-Area Lakes.- 2.1 Seasonal and Annual Changes.- 2.2 Deep Freshwater Lakes.- 2.3 Transient Surface-Water Bodies.- 3 Interactive and Feedback Systems.- 3.1 Network of Surface-Water Bodies.- 3.2 Recycling of Reevaporated Moisture into the Atmosphere.- 3.3 Large Lakes.- 3.4 Large-Area Lakes with Restricted Circulation.- 4 Saline Lakes.- 4.1 Isotope Hydrology of Large Salt Lakes.- 4.2 Ephemeral Salt Lakes and Sabkhas.- 5 Isotopic Paleolimnology.- 6 Conclusions: From Lakes to Oceans.- References.- 6 Exchange of Chemicals Between the Atmosphere and Lakes.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Air-Water Partitioning Equilibria.- 3 Diffusion Between Water and Air.- 4 Volatilization and Absorption: Double-Resistance Approach.- 5 Factors Affecting Mass-Transfer Coefficients.- 6 Partitioning of Chemical to Particulate Matter in Air and Water.- 6.1 Air.- 6.2 Water.- 7 Atmospheric Deposition Processes.- 7.1 Dry Deposition.- 7.2 Wet Deposition.- 8 Specimen Calculation.- 8.1 Step 1: Physicochemical Properties.- 8.2 Step 2: Mass-Transfer Coefficients.- 8.3 Step 3: Sorption in Air and Water.- 8.4 Step 4: Equilibrium Status.- 8.5 Step 5: Volatilization and Depositio