Parks, raised in a poor tebnant-farming family, became one of the most celebrated photographers of his generation, not only because of his images, which often held a harsh mirror up to American racism, but also because of his writings -- his memoirs and the semi-autobiographical novel "The Learning Tree" -- and his 1971 action movie, "Shaft," which helped open new avenues for black actors and directors.--Randy Kennedy "The New York Times Arts & Leisure "