Visar resultat för..."World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd"
17 120 produkter
17 120 produkter
375 kr
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This is a very frank and detailed account by a leading and very active mathematician of the past decades whose contributions have had an important impact in those fields where mathematics is now an integral part. It starts from his early childhood just after the First World War to his present-day positions as professor of mathematics, electrical engineering and medicine at the USC, which in itself reflects on the diversity of interests and experiences gained through the turbulent years when American mathematics and sciences established themselves on the forefront. The story traces the tortuous path Bellman followed from Brooklyn College; the University of Wisconsin to Princeton during the war years; more than a decade with the RAND Corporation; with frequent views of more than just the academic circles, including his experiences at Los Alamos on the A-bomb project.Bellman gives highly personalised views of key personalities in mathematics, physics and other areas, and his motivations and the forces that helped shape dynamic programming and other new areas which emerged as consequences of fruitful applications of mathematics.
1 113 kr
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The management of emergent neuro-ophthalmic conditions can be a life saving encounter for the general ophthalmologist. This book is designed to help comprehensive ophthalmologists make emergency triage decisions for initial evaluation and treatment of potentially vision- or life-threatening conditions. This text is case-based and is intended to provide the reader with the opinion and expertise of two neuro-ophthalmologists. One, Dr Lee is an ophthalmology-based neuro-ophthalmologist and the other, Dr Brazis is a neurology-based neuro-ophthalmologist.In the current edition two, we have updated the content according to the recent advances in ophthalmic investigations and imaging, along with the emergence of recent serological tests for Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disease (MOGAD) and Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) disease. We also have also provided high-yield summary points after each case for takeaway messages.
Agentic Artificial Intelligence: Harnessing Ai Agents To Reinvent Business, Work, And Life
Häftad, Engelska, 2025
279 kr
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"Agents are (...) bringing about the biggest revolution in computing since we went from typing commands to tapping on icons."Bill Gates "AI agents will become the primary way we interact with computers in the future."Satya Nadella "The age of agentic AI is here"Jensen Huang This book is a practical, non-technical guide for business leaders, professionals, and curious minds navigating the next frontier of AI.In a world where ChatGPT took us by storm, a far more powerful revolution is now unfolding: AI Agents. Like Jarvis in Iron Man or Samantha in Her, these intelligent systems can execute actions, learn from experience, and orchestrate digital interactions with minimal human supervision. They promise to redefine business and society.However, behind the excitement lies a crucial reality: a significant gap between promise and reality.This comprehensive guide on agentic AI cuts through the hype and offers a clear, jargon-free strategic roadmap to understanding and applying this technology. The authors bring a rare perspective, having implemented agentic AI across diverse organizations — from global enterprises to agile startups — witnessing both remarkable successes and sobering failures.AI agents create what the authors call "compounding intelligence advantages" — the more they're used, the smarter and more valuable they become, creating an accelerating gap between early adopters and laggards. Hence, those who understand and leverage AI agents today will define the next era of business.
Del 1 - World Scientific Series On Science Communication
Science Communication: An Introduction
Häftad, Engelska, 2020
400 kr
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"The book provides a concise, informative, comprehensive, and current overview of key issues in the field of science communication, the background of science communication, its theoretical bases, and its links to science communication practice. Especially the link between theory / research and practice is very well developed in the book and in the individual chapters. I think that is valuable for both readers new to the field of science communication, but also for those who identify with only one of these sides … it is indeed a comprehensive and concise overview, convincing in its aim to link theory, research, and practice and I will definitely use it for my lectures on science communication."JCOM - Journal of Science CommunicationA concise, coherent and easily readable textbook about the field of science communication, connecting the practice of science communicators with theory. In the book, recent trends and shifts in the field resonate, such as the transition from telling about science to interacting with the public and the importance of science communication in health and environmental communication. The chapters have been written by experts in their disciplines, coming from philosophy of science and communication studies to health communication and science journalism. Cases from around the world illustrate science communication in practice. The book provides a broad, up-to-date and coherent introduction to science communication for both, students of science communication and related fields, as well as professionals.Related Link(s)
400 kr
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In October 2017, Nobel laureate Sydney Brenner (Physiology or Medicine, 2002) gave four lectures on the history of Molecular Biology, its impact on Neuroscience and the great scientific questions that lie ahead.Sydney Brenner has been at the centre of the development of molecular biology, being a key player in shaping the Laboratory for Molecular Biology in Cambridge into a cradle of research, where pioneering and seminal discoveries in the field for over half a century have resulted in more than half a dozen Nobel Prizes.His memory is a treasure trove of the history of the field with innumerable anecdotes on other leading scientists in the past 60 years. These lectures trace the history and recount some of those anecdotes. His interlocutor Terry Sejnowski is the Francis Crick professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and the Laboratory Head of its Computational Neurobiology Laboratory. Terry and Sydney are long-term collaborators and they share many stories and memories.The recorded lectures are the basis for this book. It aims to preserve the history of molecular biology and to also raise scientific questions that have resulted from the work of Sydney, Terry and others. It should be read by everybody who is interested in the generation, history and impact of great ideas as recounted by one of the legends of 20th century science.Published in collaboration with Institute Para Limes.
- Nyhet
Essential Mathematics For Economics: A Student's Guide To Key Mathematical Techniques
Häftad, Engelska, 2026
554 kr
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The aim of this textbook is to improve students' ability to formulate economic problems and provide essential mathematical tools for analysis across various contexts. This book presents the author's current understanding of mathematics, shaped by several years of teaching this subject as well as enriched through interactions with his students. To aid students in their learning, the book is written in a manner that better highlights key concepts and provides additional clarity where possible. In this way, it is hoped that students will feel more guided in their study of mathematics and its applications in economics.
1 863 kr
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This book presents a unified treatise of the theory of measure and integration. In the setting of a general measure space, every concept is defined precisely and every theorem is presented with a clear and complete proof with all the relevant details. Counter-examples are provided to show that certain conditions in the hypothesis of a theorem cannot be simply dropped. The dependence of a theorem on earlier theorems is explicitly indicated in the proof, not only to facilitate reading but also to delineate the structure of the theory. The precision and clarity of presentation make the book an ideal textbook for a graduate course in real analysis while the wealth of topics treated also make the book a valuable reference work for mathematicians.The book is also very helpful to graduate students in statistics and electrical engineering, two disciplines that apply measure theory.
1 016 kr
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The present book discusses the prizes in physiology or medicine 1963-65. The 1963 prize recognized milestone discoveries in the field of neurosciences, the way electrical impulses are generated and spread in nerves. The impressive developments of insights into tantalizing brain functions, like consciousness and memory, is discussed in the perspective of prizes both before and after the 1963 prize. The prize in 1964 marked the advanced biochemical venture that led to a full understanding of the synthesis of cholesterol, a central molecule for providing flexibility of the membranes of the trillions of cell in our body. The importance of this molecule for the appearance of cardiovascular diseases and the possibilities to prevent them is presented in the light of other prizes earlier and later in this field. The 1965 prize recognized three impressive French intellectuals, Lwoff, Monod and Jacob. Their contributions allowed the full maturation of the initial phase of the emerging field of molecular biology. The comprehension of the information flow from DNA via RNA to proteins was the source of a revolution of life sciences and of medicine.
1 085 kr
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The present book discusses the Nobel Prizes in physiology or medicine 1966-68. The 1966 prize recognized that viruses may be involved in cancer formation. Later studies revealed that these kinds of infectious agents could pick up and transmit cellular genes of importance for regulation of cellular growth. It was then possible to recognize that many genes of this kind could be involved in the formation of cancer. The disease was found to represent the dark side of evolution. As a consequence of this insight new means of treatment fortunately have been developed.The rear parts of the eyes are extensions of the central nervous system. They have a fascinating intrinsic complexity, the neurophysiology and biochemistry of which has been progressively analyzed. These revealing studies concern both our capacity to distinguish different colors and also our possibility to see in the dark. The Prize in 1967 identified seminal contributions in this wide field by Ragnar Granit, Haldan Hartline and George Wald.The 1968 Prize is distinct in its recognition of Robert Holley, Ghobind Khorana and Marshall Nirenberg, who in different ways had contributed to the cracking of the genetic code. Insights into the language used by Nature, since the dawn of cellular life some 4.6 billion years ago, have completely revolutionized modern life sciences. The capacity to read and also to write the books of life has defined new kinds of science, deepening our understanding of the magic of evolution and opened the possibilities for molecular medicine by understanding the genetic background to diseases, not least cancer.Related Link(s)
2 499 kr
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The present book discusses the Nobel Prizes in physiology or medicine from 1969 to 1971. The 1969 prize recognized Max Delbrück, Alfred Hershey and Salvador Luria. Their pioneering studies of viruses infecting bacteria, bacteriophages, from the mid-1940s through the 1950s laid the foundation for the wide field of molecular biology. The nature of the gene was finally understood. Insights into the biochemistry of the critical information molecules, the nucleic acids, opened wide vistas for interpreting their expression and the interaction of their product with other gene products.The contact between the endings of a nerve and a target cell, the synapse, has always stirred the imagination of scientists. A number of the insights gained have been highlighted by Nobel Prizes in physiology or medicine. In 1970 the prize recognized Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler and Julius Axelrod. They had revealed how signaling substances in the nerve terminals were stored in packages, released by membrane fusion and inactivated or reused by particular metabolic events.The recipient of the 1971 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine was a single scientist, Earl Sutherland. He had identified critical molecules in cells that allow signals elicited at their surface via a number of internal steps to influence the expression of specific genes in the nucleus. The new kind of information transmitting molecules were referred to as "secondary messengers". They represent a critical part of a highly complex network of signaling controlling the operative conditions of the cell by adjustments of the so-called intermediary metabolism.The widening insights into functions of specialized cells and their complex interactions have led to the development of many kinds of remedies.
Del 31 - Lecture Notes Series, Institute for Mathematical Sciences, National University of Singapore
Geometric Analysis Around Scalar Curvatures
Inbunden, Engelska, 2016
1 370 kr
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This volume contains three expanded lecture notes from the program Scalar Curvature in Manifold Topology and Conformal Geometry that was held at the Institute for Mathematical Sciences from 1 November to 31 December 2014. The first chapter surveys the recent developments on the fourth-order equations with negative exponent from geometric points of view such as positive mass theorem and uniqueness results. The next chapter deals with the recent important progress on several conjectures such as the existence of non-flat smooth hyper-surfaces and Serrin's over-determined problem. And the final chapter induces a new technique to handle the equation with critical index and the sign change coefficient as well as the negative index term. These topics will be of interest to those studying conformal geometry and geometric partial differential equations.
1 896 kr
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Algebraic Topology and basic homotopy theory form a fundamental building block for much of modern mathematics. These lecture notes represent a culmination of many years of leading a two-semester course in this subject at MIT. The style is engaging and student-friendly, but precise. Every lecture is accompanied by exercises. It begins slowly in order to gather up students with a variety of backgrounds, but gains pace as the course progresses, and by the end the student has a command of all the basic techniques of classical homotopy theory.
631 kr
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This reissued version of the classic text Basic Physics will help teachers at both the high-school and college levels gain new insights into, and deeper understanding of, many topics in both classical and modern physics that are commonly taught in introductory physics courses. All of the original book is included with new content added. Short sections of the previous book (174 in number) are labeled "Features." These Features are highlighted in the book, set forth in a separate Table of Contents, and separately indexed.Many teachers will value this book as a personal reference during a teaching year as various topics are addressed. Ford's discussions of the history and meaning of topics from Newton's mechanics to Feynman's diagrams, although written first in 1968, have beautifully withstood the test of time and are fully relevant to 21st-century physics teaching.
477 kr
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This is an introductory textbook designed for undergraduate mathematics majors with an emphasis on abstraction and in particular, the concept of proofs in the setting of linear algebra. Typically such a student would have taken calculus, though the only prerequisite is suitable mathematical grounding. The purpose of this book is to bridge the gap between the more conceptual and computational oriented undergraduate classes to the more abstract oriented classes. The book begins with systems of linear equations and complex numbers, then relates these to the abstract notion of linear maps on finite-dimensional vector spaces, and covers diagonalization, eigenspaces, determinants, and the Spectral Theorem. Each chapter concludes with both proof-writing and computational exercises.
Game Theory: A Nontechnical Introduction To The Analysis Of Strategy (Fourth Edition)
Inbunden, Engelska, 2023
1 479 kr
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As with the previous editions, this fourth edition relies on teaching by example and the Karplus Learning Cycle to convey the ideas of game theory in a way that is approachable, intuitive, and interdisciplinary. Noncooperative equilibrium concepts such as Nash equilibrium, mixed strategy equilibria, and subgame perfect equilibrium are systematically introduced in the first half of the book. Bayesian Nash equilibrium is briefly introduced. The subsequent chapters discuss cooperative solutions with and without side payments, rationalizable strategies and correlated equilibria, and applications to elections, social mechanism design, and larger-scale games. New examples include panic buying, supply-chain shifts in the pandemic, and global warming.
420 kr
Kommande
Close your eyes and imagine the last moments of a massive star, large as the Solar System. As the mass of its core approaches a fatidic value, the enormous fabric collapses. The star plasma streams like a monstrous wave inward towards the center of the star. In a fraction of a second the core of the star becomes as dense as an atomic nucleus. And then a mighty outward shock wave forms, disrupting the whole structure, the star becoming almost as bright as the whole galaxy. This explosion is a supernova!Chinese observers studied with care these events since ancient times; the observation of these explosions by Tycho Brahe and Kepler was crucial for the adoption of the Copernican system. Do you know that each drop of your blood contains iron atoms produced in these cosmic cataclysms? We are literally star dust, disseminated in the galactic medium by supernovae.This book guides the reader in the discovery of these rare events, the most spectacular that the Universe can offer. Present models reproduce the explosion only with difficulty, as if some details were wrong, or a whole aspect of physics was missing from the equations. Different aspects of these events are illustrated, as well as their historical and scientific importance and their crucial role in the evolution of the galaxy and the living organisms.
Del 5 - Advances In Process Systems Engineering
Multi-objective Optimization: Techniques And Applications In Chemical Engineering
Inbunden, Engelska, 2017
2 812 kr
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Optimization is now essential in the design, planning and operation of chemical and related processes. Although process optimization for multiple objectives was studied in the 1970s and 1980s, it has attracted active research in the last 15 years, spurred by the new and effective techniques for multi-objective optimization (MOO). To capture this renewed interest, this monograph presents recent research in MOO techniques and applications in chemical engineering.Following a brief introduction and review of MOO applications in chemical engineering since 2000, the book presents selected MOO techniques and many chemical engineering applications in detail. In this second edition, several chapters from the first edition have been updated, one chapter is completely revised and three new chapters have been added. One of the new chapters describes three MS Excel programs useful for MOO of application problems. All the chapters will be of interest to researchers in MOO and/or chemical engineering. Several exercises are included at the end of many chapters, for use by both practicing engineers and students.
2 038 kr
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This book attempts to answer significant questions such as: what is China's "developing" political economy, what are the major principles of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics, and how to achieve economic development. From "new normal" and "new development concept" to "innovation driven development strategy" and "supply side structural reform" to "the Belt and Road" and "new urbanization with people as the core", the author explains economic laws and development succinctly and illustrates the key characteristics of Chinese socialist political economy.This book features forward-looking thinking on China's development, explaining that China's development is scientific, its sustainable development follows natural laws and inclusive development follows social laws. The "political economy" of China's development is explained in an easy-to-understand and accessible way. The author has cooperated with scholars from the Party School of the CPC Central Committee and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and this book is the cumulative output of his work with fellow researchers and scholars.
Beyond The Galaxy: How Humanity Looked Beyond Our Milky Way And Discovered The Entire Universe
Inbunden, Engelska, 2015
1 262 kr
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A look up at the night sky reveals a treasury of wonders. Even to the naked eye, the Moon, stars, planets, the Milky Way and even a few star clusters and nebulae illuminate the heavens. For millennia, humans struggled to make sense of what's out there in the Universe, from all we can see to that which lies beyond the limits of even our most powerful telescopes. Beyond the Galaxy traces our journey from an ancient, Earth-centered Universe all the way to our modern, 21st century understanding of the cosmos. Touching on not only what we know but also how we know it, Ethan Siegel takes us to the very frontiers of modern astrophysics and cosmology, from the birth of our Universe to its ultimate fate, and everything in between.
1 765 kr
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Latest Edition: Textbook of Structural Biology (2nd Edition)This is an important textbook for undergraduate and graduate students in structural biology, chemistry, biochemistry, biology and medicine. Written by a team of leading scientists in the field, it covers all the essential aspects of proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, including the rise and fall of proteins, membranes and gradients, the structural biology of cells, and evolution — the comparative structural biology. The focus is on interesting and relevant molecular structures as well as central biology.This comprehensive volume is richly illustrated with more than 200 color figures. So far, there has been a lack of comprehensive textbooks on structural biology that are up to date; this book is written to fill the gap. An accompanying CD contains high-resolution images that can be projected in a classroom.
2 735 kr
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This volume of original articles, collected papers and commentaries by contemporary scholars illustrates the work of Tullio Regge, a giant in the panorama of theoretical physics in the second half of the 20th century, probably the most influential Italian physicist after Enrico Fermi. His brilliant contributions to quantum theory and to general relativity have marked significant turning points in the development of scientific knowledge: Regge poles, Regge behaviour, Regge calculus and his geometric approach to general relativity and its extensions, and they continue to have a profound impact on the work of the large theoretical community today. Moreover, his public engagement for the dissemination of scientific culture, his mastering of multimedia technology for outreach and play, and his support for important social causes such as the fight against pseudosciences and the rights of the disabled make him a charismatic character across time, space and disciplines.
847 kr
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This unique book on ordinary differential equations addresses practical issues of composing and solving such equations by large number of examples and homework problems with solutions. These problems originate in engineering, finance, as well as science at appropriate levels that readers with the basic knowledge of calculus, physics or economics are assumed able to follow.
615 kr
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The present book discusses the Nobel Prizes in physiology or medicine 1966-68. The 1966 prize recognized that viruses may be involved in cancer formation. Later studies revealed that these kinds of infectious agents could pick up and transmit cellular genes of importance for regulation of cellular growth. It was then possible to recognize that many genes of this kind could be involved in the formation of cancer. The disease was found to represent the dark side of evolution. As a consequence of this insight new means of treatment fortunately have been developed.The rear parts of the eyes are extensions of the central nervous system. They have a fascinating intrinsic complexity, the neurophysiology and biochemistry of which has been progressively analyzed. These revealing studies concern both our capacity to distinguish different colors and also our possibility to see in the dark. The Prize in 1967 identified seminal contributions in this wide field by Ragnar Granit, Haldan Hartline and George Wald.The 1968 Prize is distinct in its recognition of Robert Holley, Ghobind Khorana and Marshall Nirenberg, who in different ways had contributed to the cracking of the genetic code. Insights into the language used by Nature, since the dawn of cellular life some 4.6 billion years ago, have completely revolutionized modern life sciences. The capacity to read and also to write the books of life has defined new kinds of science, deepening our understanding of the magic of evolution and opened the possibilities for molecular medicine by understanding the genetic background to diseases, not least cancer.Related Link(s)
294 kr
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In a relatively brief but masterful recounting, Professor Ulf Lagerkvist traces the origins and seminal developments in the field of chemistry, highlighting the discoveries and personalities of the individuals who transformed the ancient myths of the Greeks, the musings of the alchemists, the mystique of phlogiston into the realities and the laws governing the properties and behavior of the elements; in short, how chemistry became a true science. A centerpiece of this historical journey was the triumph by Dmitri Mendeleev who conceived the Periodic Law of the Elements, the relation between the properties of the elements and their atomic weights but more precisely their atomic number. Aside from providing order to the elements known at the time, the law predicted the existence and atomic order of elements not then known but were discovered soon after.An underlying but explicit intent of Lagerkvist's survey is to address what he believes was a gross injustice in denying Mendeleev the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1905 and again in 1906. Delving into the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences' detailed records concerning the nominations, Lagerkvist reveals the judging criteria and the often heated and prejudicial arguments favoring and demeaning the contributions of the competing contenders of those years. Lagerkvist, who was a member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences and has participated in judging nominations for the chemistry prize, concludes “It is in the nature of the Nobel Prize that there will always be a number candidates who obviously deserve to be rewarded but never get the accolade” — Mendeleev was one of those.
508 kr
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The Nobel Prizes in natural sciences have developed to become a unique measure of scientific excellence. Using archival documents, which have been released (50 years secrecy) for scholarly work, the author expertly traces the strengths and weaknesses of the Nobel system as exemplified by individual prizes. Surveys of the more than 100 years that the Prizes have been awarded are also presented.This book discusses the most important prize in the world of science and gives unique historical insights into how the laureate selection process has developed to secure optimal choice.No other book has been published which draws from previously classified archival materials to the extent that this book does. It indirectly deals with factors that foster scientific discoveries viz. the role of both individuals and institutions and thus provides invaluable insights for researchers, institutions and anyone interested in science.
1 466 kr
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This anthology explores the causes and consequences of persistent gender-based inequalities in contemporary China. Through 13 chapters, it examines how gender inequality is shaped, reinforced, questioned and worked around in early 21st century China. This book covers areas such as the welfare system, labour market, land rights and divorce — areas in which equality between men and women is still inadequate in law and practice. The book also offers insights in less-explored areas such as the legal and bureaucratic rights of diverse families, migration and split households, grassroots labour organising, and self-determination and equality in the pursuit of Chinese socialist feminism. The introduction highlights the enduring role of the household registration system (hukou) as a tool to exercise power, control and coercion. Since the hukou system is based on households rather than individuals, it remains a powerful source of institutionalised reproduction of hierarchical power relations (i.e. patriarchal values). While focused on contemporary China, the introduction also situates gender inequality within a global context, showing how gender inequality is shaped and reinforced globally in the early 21st century.
3 030 kr
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The topics in this volume range from mathematical aspects of the theory of the Poincaré group, Clifford algebras and the CPT theorem, through new theoretical physical constructions and concepts (such as the physical significance of the 4-potential, the interplay between quantum mechanics and gravity, Majorana-like models, the photon as a composite particle, action-at-a-distance and superluminal phenomena), to experiments in neutrino physics. The book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers working in fundamental physics and phenomenology, and also to experimentalists.
Neutron Scattering From Hydrogen In Materials - Proceedings Of The Second Summer School On Neutron Scattering
Inbunden, Engelska, 1994
1 471 kr
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This volume provides a topical survey of the static and dynamic properties of hydrogen in both metallic and inorganic materials studied by neutron scattering which has been the key technique in this field for a long time. The static aspects deal with the localization of hydrogen in a variety of materials including the technically important metal hydrides, zeolites, and superionic conductors. The dynamic aspects concentrate on local modes, hydrogen bonds, tunneling, and diffusion. All these topics are thoroughly introduced, methodically discussed, and highlighted with recent experimental results by acknowledged experts.
1 262 kr
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Each year the Nobel Prizes in the natural sciences reveal amazing discoveries. New milestones in the relentless advance of science are identified. The growth of knowledge and its evolution can be researched in the Nobel archives where nominations are kept secret for 50 years after the awards have been made. They represent a treasure for real-time assessment of science. Norrby's earlier book, Nobel Prizes and Life Sciences (2010) examined the unique archival records until 1959.The present book takes us up to 1962, surveying a range of dazzling discoveries. All prizes in immunology are reviewed. Their impact on our capacity to control infectious diseases and transplant organs are highlighted. The Nobel year 1962 is exceptional in recognizing the most major advance in biology since Darwin in 1859 presented his theory of evolution. This was the dramatic discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953. The era of molecular biology had begun. Its explosive development continues into the present.
1 557 kr
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The present book offers an in-depth analysis of the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1972 and the Nobel Prizes in physiology or medicine (1972-74) using the unique Nobel archive materials that can become available by permission after 50 years of secrecy. The perspective by the author is unique for the years 1973-74, since he himself was an adjunct member of the Nobel Prize committee at the Karolinska Institute during these years and he participated in providing the recommendation to the Medical Faculty, which took the final decision.The Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1972 recognized the insights gained into the central problem of protein folding. The prize was split with one half to Christian B. Anfinsen and the other half to Stanford Moore and William H Stein. Over time, important further insights have been gained into this important field of research as discussed in the book. As late as 2024 another Nobel Prize in chemistry "for computational protein design" was awarded to two scientists from the UK and one from the USA. The prize in physiology or medicine in 1972 recognized the important characterization of the structure of immunoglobulin G by Gerald M. Edelman and Rodney R. Porter. Their work provided a foundation for many subsequent Nobel Prizes in physiology or medicine, recognizing the importance of several critical discoveries in the complex and important field of immunology.The Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1973 was exceptional. It recognized the founding fathers of the field of animal behavior (ethology), Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen. It was concluded at the time that insights gained in this field were of potential value for the development of psychiatric care of patients in human medicine.Finally, the 1974 Nobel prize in physiology or medicine recognized the founding fathers of the science of architecture of cells. The scientists Albert Claude, Christian de Duve and George E Palade pioneered cell biology studies during the 1950s and 1960s at The Rockefeller Institute (later The Rockefeller University). Insights into the detailed structure of the multitude of cellular organelles and the consequential possibilities to determine their unique biochemical structures have revolutionized the understanding of the way cells operate and hence given insights into functional errors that may lead to diseases.
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