Introduction to Solid State Physics

Charles Kittel did his undergraduate work in physics at M.I.T and at the Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge University. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin. He worked in the solid state group at Bell Laboratories, along with Bardeen and Shockley, leaving to start the theoretical solid state physics group at Berkeley in 1951. His research has been largely in magnetism and in semiconductors. In magnetism he developed the theories of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic resonance and the theory of single ferromagnetic domains, and extended the Bloch theory of magnons. In semiconductor physics he participated in the first cyclotron and plasma resonance experiments and extended the results to the theory of impurity states and to electron-hole drops. He has been awarded three Guggenheim fellowships, the Oliver Buckley Prize for Solid State Physics, and, for contributions to teaching, the Oersted Medal of the American Association of Physics Teachers, He is a member of the National Academy of Science and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

• CHAPTER 1: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE. Periodic Array of Atoms. Fundamental Types of Lattices. Index System for Crystal Planes. Simple Crystal Structures. Direct Imaging of Atomic Structure. Nonideal Crystal Structures. Crystal Structure Data. CHAPTER 2: WAVE DIFFRACTION AND THE RECIPROCAL LATTICE. Diffraction of Waves by Crystals. Scattered Wave Amplitude. Brillouin Zones. Fourier Analysis of the Basis. CHAPTER 3: CRYSTAL BINDING AND ELASTIC CONSTANTS. Crystals of Inert Gases. Ionic Crystals. Covalent Crystals. Metals. Hydrogen Bonds. Atomic Radii. Analysis of Elastic Strains. Elastic Compliance and Stiffness Constants. Elastic Waves in Cubic Crystals. CHAPTER 4: PHONONS I. CRYSTAL VIBRATIONS. Vibrations of Crystals with Monatomic Basis. Two Atoms per Primitive Basis. Quantization of Elastic Waves. Phonon Momentum. Inelastic Scattering by Phonons. CHAPTER 5: PHONONS II. THERMAL PROPERTIES. Phonon Heat Capacity. Anharmonic Crystal Interactions. Thermal Conductivity. CHAPTER 6: FREE ELECTRON FERMI GAS. Energy Levels in One Dimension. Effect of Temperature on the Fermi-Dirac Distribution. Free Electron Gas in Three Dimensions. Heat Capacity of the Electron Gas. Electrical Conductivity and Ohm's Law. Motion in Magnetic Fields. Thermal Conductivity of Metals. CHAPTER 7: ENERGY BANDS. Nearly Free Electron Model. Bloch Functions. Kronig-Penney Model. Wave Equation of Electron in a Periodic Potential. Number of Orbitals in a Band. CHAPTER 8: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS. Band Gap. Equations of Motion. Intrinsic Carrier Concentration. Impurity Conductivity. Thermoelectric Effects. Semimetals. Superlattices. CHAPTER 9: FERMI SURFACES AND METALS. Construction of Fermi Surfaces. Electron Orbits, Hole Orbits, and Open Orbits. Calculation of Energy Bands. Experimental Methods in Fermi Surface Studies. CHAPTER 10: SUPERCONDUCTIVITY. Experimental Survey. Theoretical Survey. High-Temperature Superconductors. CHAPTER 11: DIAMAGNETISM AND PARAMAGNETISM. Langevin Diamagnetism Equation. Quantum Theory of Diamagnetism of Mononuclear Systems. Paramagnetism. Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism. Cooling by Isentropic Demagnetization. Paramagnetic Susceptibility of Conduction Electrons. CHAPTER 12: FERROMAGNETISM AND ANTIFERROMAGNETISM. Ferromagnetic Order. Magnons. Neutron Magnetic Scattering. Ferrimagnetic Order. Antiferromagnetic Order. Ferromagnetic Domains. Single Domain Particles. CHAPTER 13: MAGNETIC RESONANCE. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Line Width. Hyperfine Splitting. Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance. Ferromagnetic Resonance. Antiferromagnetic Resonance. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. Principle of Maser Action. CHAPTER 14: PLASMONS, POLARITONS, AND POLARONS. Dielectric Function of the Electron Gas. Plasmons. Electrostatic Screening. Polaritons. Electron-Electron Interaction. Electron-Phonon Interaction: Polarons. Peierls Instability of Linear Metals. CHAPTER 15: OPTICAL PROCESSES AND EXCITONS. Optical Reflectance. Excitons. Raman Effects in Crystals. Energy Loss of Fast Particles in a Solid. CHAPTER 16: DIELECTRICS AND FERROELECTRICS. Macroscopic Electric Field. Local Electric Field at an Atom. Dielectric Constant and Polarizability. Structural Phase Transitions. Ferroelectric Crystals. Displacive Transitions. CHAPTER 17: SURFACE AND INTERFACE PHYSICS. Surface Crystallography. Surface Electronic Structure. Magnetoresistance in a Two-Dimensional Channel. p-n Junctions. Heterostructures. Semiconductor Lasers. Light-Emitting Diodes. CHAPTER 18: NANOSTRUCTURES. Imaging Techniques for Nanostructures. Electronic Structure of 1D Systems. Electrical Transport in 1D. Electronic Structure of 0D Systems. Electrical Transport in 0D. Vibrational and Thermal Properties of Nanostructures. CHAPTER 19: NONCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS. Diffraction Pattern. Glasses. Amorphous Ferromagnets. Amorphous Semiconductors. Low Energy Excitations in Amorphous Solids. Fiber Optics. CHAPTER 20: POINT DEFECTS. Lattice Vacancies. Diffusion. Color Centers. CHAPTER 21: DISLOCATIONS. Shear Strength of Single Crystals. Dislocations. Strength of Alloys. Dislocations and Crystal Growth. Hardness of Materials. CHAPTER 22: ALLOYS. General Consideration. Substitutional Solid Solutions - Hume-Rotherby Rules. Order-Disorder Transformation. Phase Diagrams. Transition Metal Alloys. Kondo Effect.