Active, Hybrid, and Semi-active Structural Control

Prof. T.T. Soong, Samuel P. Capen Professor of Engineering Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA.Very well known in the field.?Has won various awards including the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Norman Medal (1999), and Newmark Medal (2002). Dr. S.Y. Chu, Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA, and Dr. A.M. Reinhorn, Clifford C. Furnas Professor of Structural Engineering and Co-Director, Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory (SEESL), State University of New York at Buffalo, USA.Also well-established in the field and like Soong has received several professional awards, including the ASCE Award for outstanding service (1983, 1984).

• Preface ix1 Introduction 11.1 General 11.2 Basic Principles 41.3 State-of-the-Practice 51.3.1 Hybrid Mass Damper Systems 61.3.2 Active Mass Damper Systems 91.3.3 Semi-active Damper Systems 111.3.4 Semi-active Controllable Fluid Dampers 141.4 Implementation-Related Issues 181.4.1 An Overview 201.5 Organization 232 Hardware Description 272.1 Introduction 272.2 Active Control Force Generation System 282.2.1 General 282.2.2 Electrical Power Driven Mechanism 312.2.3 Hydraulic Power Driven Mechanism 322.3 Measuring Equipment 362.3.1 General 362.3.2 Position Transducers 372.3.3 Velocity Transducers – Tachometers 382.3.4 Accelerometers 392.3.5 Force Transducers 402.4 Signal Interface System 412.4.1 General 412.4.2 Conditioning System 422.4.3 Filtering System 432.4.4 Monitoring System 502.4.5 Fail-Safe Limitation Detection System 522.4.6 Signal Communication and the Remote Activation System 562.5 Digital Control System 572.5.1 General 572.5.2 Data Acquisition/Conversion System 582.5.3 Control Command Calculator 612.6 Case Study 622.6.1 Hydraulic Devices with a Control Console 642.6.2 Measuring Equipment 722.6.3 Custom-Designed Interface Drawer 722.6.4 Digital Control System 1022.6.5 Integration Issues 1043 Control Software Implementation 1213.1 Introduction 1213.2 Practical Considerations 1223.2.1 General 1223.2.2 Modeling Errors and Spillover Effects 1223.2.3 Time Delay and Time Lag 1233.2.4 Structural Nonlinearities 1233.2.5 Uncertainties in Structural Parameters 1243.2.6 Limited Number of Sensors and Controllers 1243.2.7 Discrete-Time Control Features 1253.2.8 Reliability 1253.3 Digital Control System (Software) 1263.3.1 General 1263.3.2 Quantization Issues 1273.3.3 Sampling Issues 1313.3.4 Access to Hardware Issues 1333.3.5 Saturating and Scaling Issues and the Overflow Effect 1403.3.6 Digital Control with a DSP 1423.4 Appropriate Design Morphology 1433.4.1 General 1433.4.2 Interactive Configuration Module 1433.4.3 System Clock Set-up Module 1433.4.4 Analog I/O Module 1453.4.5 Real-Time Adjustment Module 1453.4.6 Channel On/Off Identification Module 1463.4.7 Error Detection and the Correction Module 1473.4.8 Measurement Manipulation Module 1483.4.9 Engineering Unit Scaling Module 1493.4.10 Control Algorithm Module 1493.4.11 System Response Monitoring and the Reporting Module 1503.4.12 Data Storage and the Communication Module 1503.4.13 Fail-Safe Multi-protection Module 1503.4.14 Smooth Start-Up/Shut-Down Module 1513.4.15 Remote Control Module 1523.5 Case Study 1523.5.1 Interactive Configuration Group 1533.5.2 Signal Processing Group 1543.5.3 Control Algorithm Group 1643.5.4 Fail-Safe Protection Group 1754 Theoretical and Practical Control Techniques 1814.1 General 1814.2 Continuous-Time Optimal Direct Output Feedback 1824.3 Effect of Time Delay 1844.3.1 System Stability Analysis 1854.3.2 Time Delay Effect 1874.4 Discrete-Time Control Analysis and Design 1944.4.1 Discrete-Time Systems 1944.4.2 Time Delay Effect 1954.4.3 Optimal Direct Output Feedback Control Gains 1974.4.4 Frequency Domain Analysis Issues 2004.4.5 Time Domain Analysis Issues 2014.5 Analytical Simulations of Discrete-Time Control 2044.5.1 General 2044.5.2 Optimal Direct Output Feedback Control Gains 2044.5.3 Stability Analysis and Time Delay Compensation 2064.5.4 Time Domain Simulation Using Earthquake Input 2124.6 Case Study 2144.6.1 Analytical Model 2144.6.2 Optimal Control Gains and Stability Analysis 2214.6.3 Time Domain Verification Using Wind Excitation 2265 Control Performance Verification 2355.1 Introduction 2355.2 Real-Time Structural Simulator 2365.2.1 Theoretical Background 2365.2.2 Hardware and Software Set-up 2385.2.3 Calibration and Validation Processes 2395.3 Real-Time Control Verification of the Hybrid/Active Mass Damper Model 2475.3.1 Experimental Set-up 2475.3.2 Calibration of the Sampling Period 2485.3.3 Identification of the delay time 2495.3.4 Experimental Verification of the Integrated System 2505.4 Case Study 2555.4.1 Calibration of the Sampling Period 2555.4.2 Identification of the Delay Time 2565.4.3 Experimental Verification of the Integrated System 2576 Summary 2636.1 Directions of Future Development 266References 269Author Index 279Subject Index 281