Deborah M. Kane is the editor of Unlocking Dynamical Diversity: Optical Feedback Effects on Semiconductor Lasers, published by Wiley. K. Alan Shore is the editor of Unlocking Dynamical Diversity: Optical Feedback Effects on Semiconductor Lasers, published by Wiley.

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• List of Contributors xiPreface xiiiAcknowledgements xv1 Introduction 1Deborah M. Kane and K. Alan Shore1.1 Semiconductor Laser Basics 21.1.1 Semiconductor Laser Materials and Output Wavelengths 21.1.2 Semiconductor Laser Structures 41.1.3 Semiconductor Laser Gain and Output Power versus Injection Current 81.1.4 Semiconductor Laser Relaxation Oscillations, Noise, Modulation and Linewidth Enhancement Factor 111.2 Nonlinear Dynamical Systems 141.3 Semiconductor Lasers with Optical Feedback 151.4 Landmark Results: Theory and Experiment 171.5 Overview of Feedback Response: Regimes I–V 191.6 Outline of Applications 20References 202 Theoretical Analysis 23Paul Spencer, Paul Rees and Iestyn Pierce2.1 Introduction 232.2 Basic Model: Single Mode Lasers with Weak Optical Feedback 242.3 Steady State Analysis of the Lang–Kobayashi Equations 272.4 Multimode Iterative Analysis of the Dynamics of Laser Diodes Subject to Optical Feedback 342.4.1 Dynamics of MultiMode Laser Diodes 342.4.2 Steady State Solutions 362.4.3 Comparison with Lang–Kobayashi Rate Equations 372.5 Cavity Length Effects 382.5.1 Long External Cavities 392.5.2 Short External Cavities 402.6 Coupled Cavity Analysis 442.6.1 Theory 452.6.2 Comparison with LK Analysis 492.6.3 Typical Results 492.7 Conclusion 53References 533 Generalized Optical Feedback: Theory 55Daan Lenstra, Gautam Vemuri and Mirvais Yousefi3.1 Varieties of Optical Feedback 553.2 Compound-Cavity Analysis: Validity of Lang–Kobayashi Approach 583.3 Filtered Optical Feedback 623.3.1 External Cavity Modes 643.3.2 Dynamics 673.4 Phase-Conjugate Feedback 703.4.1 Steady State 713.4.2 Results of Stability Analysis for the Steady State 723.4.3 High-Frequency Oscillations 773.5 Conclusion 78Acknowledgements 79Note 79References 794 Experimental Observations 81A. Tom Gavrielides and David W. Sukow4.1 Introduction 814.2 Experimental Apparatus 854.3 Extremely Weak Feedback Effects – Regime I 884.4 Very Weak Feedback Effects – Regime II 894.5 Weak Feedback Effects – Regime III–IV 934.6 Moderate Feedback Effects – Low Frequency Fluctuations 1044.7 Short Cavity Regime 1144.8 Double-Cavity Systems 1174.9 Multimode Effects 1194.10 Control 1224.11 Feedback and Modulation 1254.12 Phase Conjugate Feedback 1334.13 Conclusion 139References 1405 Bifurcation Analysis of Lasers with Delay 147Bernd Krauskopf5.1 Introduction 1475.2 Bifurcation Theory of DDEs 1495.2.1 The Phase Space of a DDE 1495.2.2 Local Bifurcations of Steady States 1515.2.3 Local Bifurcations of Periodic Orbits 1525.2.4 Unstable Manifolds and Global Bifurcations 1535.3 Numerical Methods 1555.3.1 Simulation by Direct Numerical Integration 1555.3.2 Numerical Continuation 1565.3.3 Computation of 1D Unstable Manifolds 1575.4 Bifurcations in the COF Laser 1585.4.1 Symmetry of the COF Laser Equation 1595.4.2 External Cavity Modes 1595.4.3 The Characteristic Equation of an ECM 1615.4.4 Continuation Near Connecting Bridges 1645.4.5 Global Bifurcations of ECMs 1675.5 Bifurcations in the PCF Laser 1695.5.1 Symmetry of the PCF Laser Equation 1715.5.2 Bifurcation Diagram Near the Locking Region 1715.5.3 Bifurcations of ECMs 1755.5.4 Break-up of a Torus and Crisis Bifurcation 1775.6 Conclusion 180Acknowledgements 180References 1816 Chaos Synchronization 185Siva Sivaprakasam and Cristina Masoller Ottieri6.1 Introduction 1856.2 Synchronization of Unidirectionally Coupled Semiconductor Lasers 1876.3 Synchronization of Mutually Coupled Semiconductor Lasers 2066.4 Conclusion 210References 2117 Laser Interferometry 217Guido Giuliani and Silvano Donati7.1 Introduction 2177.2 Laser Diode Feedback Interferometry: Theory and Basic Experiments 2187.2.1 Interferometric Signal 2187.2.2 Semiconductor Laser Types and Signal-to-Noise Ratio 2297.3 Application to Measurements 2347.3.1 Displacement 2347.3.2 Velocity 2387.3.3 Vibration 2407.3.4 Distance 2437.3.5 Other Measurements and Developments 2457.4 Laser Diode Diagnostics Using Self-Mixing Techniques 2477.4.1 SL Linewidth Measurement 2477.4.2 SL Linewidth Enhancement Factor Measurement 2497.5 Conclusion 252Acknowledgements 252References 2538 Single Frequency and Tunable Single Frequency Semiconductor Laser Systems 257Esa Jaatinen8.1 Introduction 2578.1.1 Laser Mode Structure 2588.1.2 Single Frequency Lasers 2618.1.3 Frequency Tuning 2628.2 Effect of Frequency Filtering the Feedback for Robust Single Frequency Operation 2628.2.1 Spectrally Sensitive Cavity Elements 2638.2.2 Interferometrically Filtered Feedback 2648.2.3 Diffraction Grating Feedback 2688.2.4 Multicomponent Feedback Systems 2708.3 Tunable Semiconductor Laser System Designs and Operating Characteristics 2728.3.1 External Cavity Diode Lasers 2728.3.2 Tunable Monolithic Lasers 2778.4 Frequency Stabilization 2848.4.1 Comparison of Relative Effects of Different Stabilization Techniques 2858.4.2 Improving Passive Frequency Stability with Temperature Controls 2878.4.3 Improving Passive Frequency Stability with Current Controls 2878.4.4 Improving Passive Frequency Stability with Stable Resonators 2888.4.5 Active Frequency Stabilization with Optical Feedback 2888.4.6 Active Frequency Stabilization with Relative Frequency References 2898.4.7 Active Frequency Stabilization with Absolute Frequency References 2918.5 Tunable Semiconductor Laser System Applications 2928.5.1 Laser Absorption Spectroscopy 2938.5.2 Saturated Absorption Spectroscopy 2958.5.3 Optical Pumping 2978.5.4 Raman Spectroscopy 2978.5.5 Laser Cooling and Trapping of Particles 2988.5.6 Optical Communications 2998.5.7 Other Applications 3018.6 Conclusion 301References 3019 Chaotic Optical Communication 307Junji Ohtsubo and Peter Davis9.1 Introduction 3079.2 Communication Using Synchronized Laser Chaos 3089.3 Methods for Modulation and Recovery of Messages 3109.4 Mechanisms for Synchronization and Signal Recovery 3179.5 Parameter Sensitivity, Robustness and Security for Synchronized Chaos Communication 3229.6 Communication Bandwidth 3259.7 Conclusion 330Acknowledgements 331References 331Index 335

Deborah M. Kane is the editor of Unlocking Dynamical Diversity: Optical Feedback Effects on Semiconductor Lasers, published by Wiley. K. Alan Shore is the editor of Unlocking Dynamical Diversity: Optical Feedback Effects on Semiconductor Lasers, published by Wiley.

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• List of Contributors xiPreface xiiiAcknowledgements xv1 Introduction 1Deborah M. Kane and K. Alan Shore1.1 Semiconductor Laser Basics 21.1.1 Semiconductor Laser Materials and Output Wavelengths 21.1.2 Semiconductor Laser Structures 41.1.3 Semiconductor Laser Gain and Output Power versus Injection Current 81.1.4 Semiconductor Laser Relaxation Oscillations, Noise, Modulation and Linewidth Enhancement Factor 111.2 Nonlinear Dynamical Systems 141.3 Semiconductor Lasers with Optical Feedback 151.4 Landmark Results: Theory and Experiment 171.5 Overview of Feedback Response: Regimes I–V 191.6 Outline of Applications 20References 202 Theoretical Analysis 23Paul Spencer, Paul Rees and Iestyn Pierce2.1 Introduction 232.2 Basic Model: Single Mode Lasers with Weak Optical Feedback 242.3 Steady State Analysis of the Lang–Kobayashi Equations 272.4 Multimode Iterative Analysis of the Dynamics of Laser Diodes Subject to Optical Feedback 342.4.1 Dynamics of MultiMode Laser Diodes 342.4.2 Steady State Solutions 362.4.3 Comparison with Lang–Kobayashi Rate Equations 372.5 Cavity Length Effects 382.5.1 Long External Cavities 392.5.2 Short External Cavities 402.6 Coupled Cavity Analysis 442.6.1 Theory 452.6.2 Comparison with LK Analysis 492.6.3 Typical Results 492.7 Conclusion 53References 533 Generalized Optical Feedback: Theory 55Daan Lenstra, Gautam Vemuri and Mirvais Yousefi3.1 Varieties of Optical Feedback 553.2 Compound-Cavity Analysis: Validity of Lang–Kobayashi Approach 583.3 Filtered Optical Feedback 623.3.1 External Cavity Modes 643.3.2 Dynamics 673.4 Phase-Conjugate Feedback 703.4.1 Steady State 713.4.2 Results of Stability Analysis for the Steady State 723.4.3 High-Frequency Oscillations 773.5 Conclusion 78Acknowledgements 79Note 79References 794 Experimental Observations 81A. Tom Gavrielides and David W. Sukow4.1 Introduction 814.2 Experimental Apparatus 854.3 Extremely Weak Feedback Effects – Regime I 884.4 Very Weak Feedback Effects – Regime II 894.5 Weak Feedback Effects – Regime III–IV 934.6 Moderate Feedback Effects – Low Frequency Fluctuations 1044.7 Short Cavity Regime 1144.8 Double-Cavity Systems 1174.9 Multimode Effects 1194.10 Control 1224.11 Feedback and Modulation 1254.12 Phase Conjugate Feedback 1334.13 Conclusion 139References 1405 Bifurcation Analysis of Lasers with Delay 147Bernd Krauskopf5.1 Introduction 1475.2 Bifurcation Theory of DDEs 1495.2.1 The Phase Space of a DDE 1495.2.2 Local Bifurcations of Steady States 1515.2.3 Local Bifurcations of Periodic Orbits 1525.2.4 Unstable Manifolds and Global Bifurcations 1535.3 Numerical Methods 1555.3.1 Simulation by Direct Numerical Integration 1555.3.2 Numerical Continuation 1565.3.3 Computation of 1D Unstable Manifolds 1575.4 Bifurcations in the COF Laser 1585.4.1 Symmetry of the COF Laser Equation 1595.4.2 External Cavity Modes 1595.4.3 The Characteristic Equation of an ECM 1615.4.4 Continuation Near Connecting Bridges 1645.4.5 Global Bifurcations of ECMs 1675.5 Bifurcations in the PCF Laser 1695.5.1 Symmetry of the PCF Laser Equation 1715.5.2 Bifurcation Diagram Near the Locking Region 1715.5.3 Bifurcations of ECMs 1755.5.4 Break-up of a Torus and Crisis Bifurcation 1775.6 Conclusion 180Acknowledgements 180References 1816 Chaos Synchronization 185Siva Sivaprakasam and Cristina Masoller Ottieri6.1 Introduction 1856.2 Synchronization of Unidirectionally Coupled Semiconductor Lasers 1876.3 Synchronization of Mutually Coupled Semiconductor Lasers 2066.4 Conclusion 210References 2117 Laser Interferometry 217Guido Giuliani and Silvano Donati7.1 Introduction 2177.2 Laser Diode Feedback Interferometry: Theory and Basic Experiments 2187.2.1 Interferometric Signal 2187.2.2 Semiconductor Laser Types and Signal-to-Noise Ratio 2297.3 Application to Measurements 2347.3.1 Displacement 2347.3.2 Velocity 2387.3.3 Vibration 2407.3.4 Distance 2437.3.5 Other Measurements and Developments 2457.4 Laser Diode Diagnostics Using Self-Mixing Techniques 2477.4.1 SL Linewidth Measurement 2477.4.2 SL Linewidth Enhancement Factor Measurement 2497.5 Conclusion 252Acknowledgements 252References 2538 Single Frequency and Tunable Single Frequency Semiconductor Laser Systems 257Esa Jaatinen8.1 Introduction 2578.1.1 Laser Mode Structure 2588.1.2 Single Frequency Lasers 2618.1.3 Frequency Tuning 2628.2 Effect of Frequency Filtering the Feedback for Robust Single Frequency Operation 2628.2.1 Spectrally Sensitive Cavity Elements 2638.2.2 Interferometrically Filtered Feedback 2648.2.3 Diffraction Grating Feedback 2688.2.4 Multicomponent Feedback Systems 2708.3 Tunable Semiconductor Laser System Designs and Operating Characteristics 2728.3.1 External Cavity Diode Lasers 2728.3.2 Tunable Monolithic Lasers 2778.4 Frequency Stabilization 2848.4.1 Comparison of Relative Effects of Different Stabilization Techniques 2858.4.2 Improving Passive Frequency Stability with Temperature Controls 2878.4.3 Improving Passive Frequency Stability with Current Controls 2878.4.4 Improving Passive Frequency Stability with Stable Resonators 2888.4.5 Active Frequency Stabilization with Optical Feedback 2888.4.6 Active Frequency Stabilization with Relative Frequency References 2898.4.7 Active Frequency Stabilization with Absolute Frequency References 2918.5 Tunable Semiconductor Laser System Applications 2928.5.1 Laser Absorption Spectroscopy 2938.5.2 Saturated Absorption Spectroscopy 2958.5.3 Optical Pumping 2978.5.4 Raman Spectroscopy 2978.5.5 Laser Cooling and Trapping of Particles 2988.5.6 Optical Communications 2998.5.7 Other Applications 3018.6 Conclusion 301References 3019 Chaotic Optical Communication 307Junji Ohtsubo and Peter Davis9.1 Introduction 3079.2 Communication Using Synchronized Laser Chaos 3089.3 Methods for Modulation and Recovery of Messages 3109.4 Mechanisms for Synchronization and Signal Recovery 3179.5 Parameter Sensitivity, Robustness and Security for Synchronized Chaos Communication 3229.6 Communication Bandwidth 3259.7 Conclusion 330Acknowledgements 331References 331Index 335

Deborah M. Kane is the editor of Unlocking Dynamical Diversity: Optical Feedback Effects on Semiconductor Lasers, published by Wiley. K. Alan Shore is the editor of Unlocking Dynamical Diversity: Optical Feedback Effects on Semiconductor Lasers, published by Wiley.

Select Guide Rating

• List of Contributors xiPreface xiiiAcknowledgements xv1 Introduction 1Deborah M. Kane and K. Alan Shore1.1 Semiconductor Laser Basics 21.1.1 Semiconductor Laser Materials and Output Wavelengths 21.1.2 Semiconductor Laser Structures 41.1.3 Semiconductor Laser Gain and Output Power versus Injection Current 81.1.4 Semiconductor Laser Relaxation Oscillations, Noise, Modulation and Linewidth Enhancement Factor 111.2 Nonlinear Dynamical Systems 141.3 Semiconductor Lasers with Optical Feedback 151.4 Landmark Results: Theory and Experiment 171.5 Overview of Feedback Response: Regimes I–V 191.6 Outline of Applications 20References 202 Theoretical Analysis 23Paul Spencer, Paul Rees and Iestyn Pierce2.1 Introduction 232.2 Basic Model: Single Mode Lasers with Weak Optical Feedback 242.3 Steady State Analysis of the Lang–Kobayashi Equations 272.4 Multimode Iterative Analysis of the Dynamics of Laser Diodes Subject to Optical Feedback 342.4.1 Dynamics of MultiMode Laser Diodes 342.4.2 Steady State Solutions 362.4.3 Comparison with Lang–Kobayashi Rate Equations 372.5 Cavity Length Effects 382.5.1 Long External Cavities 392.5.2 Short External Cavities 402.6 Coupled Cavity Analysis 442.6.1 Theory 452.6.2 Comparison with LK Analysis 492.6.3 Typical Results 492.7 Conclusion 53References 533 Generalized Optical Feedback: Theory 55Daan Lenstra, Gautam Vemuri and Mirvais Yousefi3.1 Varieties of Optical Feedback 553.2 Compound-Cavity Analysis: Validity of Lang–Kobayashi Approach 583.3 Filtered Optical Feedback 623.3.1 External Cavity Modes 643.3.2 Dynamics 673.4 Phase-Conjugate Feedback 703.4.1 Steady State 713.4.2 Results of Stability Analysis for the Steady State 723.4.3 High-Frequency Oscillations 773.5 Conclusion 78Acknowledgements 79Note 79References 794 Experimental Observations 81A. Tom Gavrielides and David W. Sukow4.1 Introduction 814.2 Experimental Apparatus 854.3 Extremely Weak Feedback Effects – Regime I 884.4 Very Weak Feedback Effects – Regime II 894.5 Weak Feedback Effects – Regime III–IV 934.6 Moderate Feedback Effects – Low Frequency Fluctuations 1044.7 Short Cavity Regime 1144.8 Double-Cavity Systems 1174.9 Multimode Effects 1194.10 Control 1224.11 Feedback and Modulation 1254.12 Phase Conjugate Feedback 1334.13 Conclusion 139References 1405 Bifurcation Analysis of Lasers with Delay 147Bernd Krauskopf5.1 Introduction 1475.2 Bifurcation Theory of DDEs 1495.2.1 The Phase Space of a DDE 1495.2.2 Local Bifurcations of Steady States 1515.2.3 Local Bifurcations of Periodic Orbits 1525.2.4 Unstable Manifolds and Global Bifurcations 1535.3 Numerical Methods 1555.3.1 Simulation by Direct Numerical Integration 1555.3.2 Numerical Continuation 1565.3.3 Computation of 1D Unstable Manifolds 1575.4 Bifurcations in the COF Laser 1585.4.1 Symmetry of the COF Laser Equation 1595.4.2 External Cavity Modes 1595.4.3 The Characteristic Equation of an ECM 1615.4.4 Continuation Near Connecting Bridges 1645.4.5 Global Bifurcations of ECMs 1675.5 Bifurcations in the PCF Laser 1695.5.1 Symmetry of the PCF Laser Equation 1715.5.2 Bifurcation Diagram Near the Locking Region 1715.5.3 Bifurcations of ECMs 1755.5.4 Break-up of a Torus and Crisis Bifurcation 1775.6 Conclusion 180Acknowledgements 180References 1816 Chaos Synchronization 185Siva Sivaprakasam and Cristina Masoller Ottieri6.1 Introduction 1856.2 Synchronization of Unidirectionally Coupled Semiconductor Lasers 1876.3 Synchronization of Mutually Coupled Semiconductor Lasers 2066.4 Conclusion 210References 2117 Laser Interferometry 217Guido Giuliani and Silvano Donati7.1 Introduction 2177.2 Laser Diode Feedback Interferometry: Theory and Basic Experiments 2187.2.1 Interferometric Signal 2187.2.2 Semiconductor Laser Types and Signal-to-Noise Ratio 2297.3 Application to Measurements 2347.3.1 Displacement 2347.3.2 Velocity 2387.3.3 Vibration 2407.3.4 Distance 2437.3.5 Other Measurements and Developments 2457.4 Laser Diode Diagnostics Using Self-Mixing Techniques 2477.4.1 SL Linewidth Measurement 2477.4.2 SL Linewidth Enhancement Factor Measurement 2497.5 Conclusion 252Acknowledgements 252References 2538 Single Frequency and Tunable Single Frequency Semiconductor Laser Systems 257Esa Jaatinen8.1 Introduction 2578.1.1 Laser Mode Structure 2588.1.2 Single Frequency Lasers 2618.1.3 Frequency Tuning 2628.2 Effect of Frequency Filtering the Feedback for Robust Single Frequency Operation 2628.2.1 Spectrally Sensitive Cavity Elements 2638.2.2 Interferometrically Filtered Feedback 2648.2.3 Diffraction Grating Feedback 2688.2.4 Multicomponent Feedback Systems 2708.3 Tunable Semiconductor Laser System Designs and Operating Characteristics 2728.3.1 External Cavity Diode Lasers 2728.3.2 Tunable Monolithic Lasers 2778.4 Frequency Stabilization 2848.4.1 Comparison of Relative Effects of Different Stabilization Techniques 2858.4.2 Improving Passive Frequency Stability with Temperature Controls 2878.4.3 Improving Passive Frequency Stability with Current Controls 2878.4.4 Improving Passive Frequency Stability with Stable Resonators 2888.4.5 Active Frequency Stabilization with Optical Feedback 2888.4.6 Active Frequency Stabilization with Relative Frequency References 2898.4.7 Active Frequency Stabilization with Absolute Frequency References 2918.5 Tunable Semiconductor Laser System Applications 2928.5.1 Laser Absorption Spectroscopy 2938.5.2 Saturated Absorption Spectroscopy 2958.5.3 Optical Pumping 2978.5.4 Raman Spectroscopy 2978.5.5 Laser Cooling and Trapping of Particles 2988.5.6 Optical Communications 2998.5.7 Other Applications 3018.6 Conclusion 301References 3019 Chaotic Optical Communication 307Junji Ohtsubo and Peter Davis9.1 Introduction 3079.2 Communication Using Synchronized Laser Chaos 3089.3 Methods for Modulation and Recovery of Messages 3109.4 Mechanisms for Synchronization and Signal Recovery 3179.5 Parameter Sensitivity, Robustness and Security for Synchronized Chaos Communication 3229.6 Communication Bandwidth 3259.7 Conclusion 330Acknowledgements 331References 331Index 335