Small Animal Dental Equipment, Materials, and Techniques

The Author Jan Bellows, DVM, is a dental and companion animal specialist seeing dental referrals at Hometown Animal Hospital and Dental Clinic in Weston, Florida, USA.

“Compared with the first edition, which was released in 2004, this edition has been reorganized and the flow of content is much more user-friendly and easy to follow. The text is complemented by updated and excellent-quality color images that enhance the visual learning experience…. Overall, this book will be a valuable resource for any general veterinary practice regardless of the extent of dental work performed.” JAVMA, Mar 15, 2020, Vol.256, No.6

• About the Author xviiForeword xixPreface xxiAcknowledgements xxiii1 The Dental Operatory 1Space 1Electricity, Water, and Drainage 1Ergonomics 2The Operatory 2Powered Dental Delivery Systems 6Storage 11Lighting 11Dental Loupes (Telescopes) 13Radiography 15General Anesthesia 16Patient Monitoring Devices 17Regional Analgesia 26Technique 28Further Reading 322 Equipment, Instruments, and Materials for Operative Dentistry 37Equipment and Material Recommendations Based on the Level of Dental Care 37Diagnostics for Basic Dentistry 37Dental Scaling, Irrigation and Polishing Equipment, Instruments, and Techniques 40Dental Polishing Equipment and Materials 47Extraction Instruments and Materials 50Dental Handpieces 56Maintenance of Dental Equipment 66Homecare Products to Reduce the Accumulation of Plaque and Tartar (Calculus) 67Other Homecare Products, Which May Decrease the Accumulation of Plaque and/or Tartar When Used Properly 68Equipment and Materials for Advanced Dental Care 69Obturating the Canal 72College‐Tipped Pliers to Handle the Paper and Gutta Percha Points 73Restorative Materials Used in Advanced Dental Procedures 75Advanced Periodontal and Oral Surgery 75Lasers 75Orthodontic Equipment and Materials Used in Advanced Dental Procedures 79Orthodontic Buttons and Masel Chain Elastics 80Further Reading 833 Oral Anatomy for the General Practitioner 87The Oral Cavity 87Mucosa 87Muscles 87Tongue 87Innervation of the Oral Cavity 89Blood Supply and Lymphatic Drainage 90Salivary Glands 90Periodontium 90Cranium 95Facium 95Maxillae and Mandibles 95Temporomandibular Joint 100Teeth 100Further Reading 1124 Dental Radiography 113Incorporating Dental Radiography into General Practice 113Radiation Safety 113Radiograph Equipment 113Positioning 116Radiograph Image Troubleshooting 128Radiograph Interpretation 133Periodontal Disease 137Endodontic Disease 144External Root Resorption 149Further Reading 1595 Charting 163Two‐/Four‐Handed Charting 163Step‐By‐Step Charting 163Periodontal Indices 191Dental Explorer 192Furcation Disease Charting 194Bleeding on Probing 194Gingivitis Index 194Tooth Mobility 194Crown Pathology 198Charting Abbreviations 212Therapy Abbreviations 217Further Reading 2186 The Comprehensive Oral Prevention, Assessment, and Treatment Visit 221Comprehensive Oral Prevention, Assessment, and Treatment (COPAT) 221Case Volume 222Workflow 222Basic Treatment Options in Companion Animal Dentistry 227Plaque and Calculus Prevention 230Efficacy of Homecare Products 231The Veterinary Oral Health Council 231Efficacy Through Mechanical Action 232Efficacy Through Nonmechanical Action 235Efficacy Through Mechanical plus Nonmechanical Actions 236Safety of Homecare Products 236Gastrointestinal Inflammation 237Safety Against Tooth Fracture 237Scheduling the Next Professional Oral Hygiene Visit 237Further Reading 2387 Oropharyngeal Inflammation 243Periodontal Diseases 243Clinical Periodontal Diseases 245Furcation Disease 259Tooth Mobility 259Periodontal Regeneration 264Guided Tissue Regeneration 268Mucositis – Inflammation of the Oral Mucosa 268Stomatitis 273Anti‐Inflammatory Medication 276Surgical Management of FCGS 277Technique for Placement of Esophagostomy Feeding Tube in the Anesthetized Cat 278Flap Design, Procedure, and Closure 279Mandibular Canine Extraction Technique 284Hemisection and Restoration 286Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)‐positive Cats with Feline Chronic Gingivitis Stomatitis 295Further Reading 2978 Tooth Resorption 305Prevalence 305Etiology 305Terminology/Classification 305Classification by Anatomical Location – Internal and External Resorption 306Inflammatory External Resorption 306Classification by Radiographic Appearance (Types) 309Clinical Signs 310Clinical Examination Findings 310Radiographic Findings 311Treatment of Tooth Resorption 313Restoration 314Monitoring Without Immediate Care 315Crown/Root Atomization 315Tooth Extraction 315Crown Amputation with Intentional Partial Root Retention Followed by Gingival Closure 316Further Reading 3199 Oral Trauma 323Anatomy and Physiology 323Crown Wear – Abrasion and Attrition 323The Traumatized Tooth 323Endodontic Therapy 327Age of the Patient 331Materials for Endodontic Therapy 331Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) 334Instruments for Endodontic Therapy 334Spatulas 342Fundamental Endodontic Procedures 342Standard (Conventional) Root Canal Therapy 344Rotary Debridement 349Crown Restoration 351Oral Cavity Trauma 353Principles of Jaw Fracture Repair 361Treatment Planning and Options 361Further Reading 36510 Oral Masses 367Identification and Staging of Oral Tumors 367World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Staging of Tumors of the Oral Cavity – Primary Tumor–Regional Nodes–Metastasis (TNM) System 367Neoplasia Nomenclature 368Tissue Sampling 369Surgical Options to Treat Neoplasia 369General Overview of Tumor Surgery 369Benign Neoplasia 371Osteomyelitis 381Odontoma 381Papilloma 381Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex 381Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma 383Amyloid‐Producing Odontogenic Tumor 388Traumatic Granulomas 388Feline Pyogenic Granuloma 391Oral Malignancy 391Squamous Cell Carcinoma 394Salivary Gland Pathology 407Further Reading 41611 Occlusal Disorders, Extra Teeth, and Missing Teeth 423Angle Classification 423Malocclusion – Dental and Skeletal 426Skeletal Malocclusion 429Ethics of Performing Veterinary Orthodontic Care 435Interceptive Orthodontics 435Extraction of the Malpositioned Tooth 439Crown Reduction, Vital Pulp Therapy, and Tooth Restoration 441Moving Teeth 441Types of Forces Used to Move Teeth 441Instrumentation for Orthodontic Care 445Technique for Bracket Placement, Light Chemical Cementation, and Force Activation 446Orthodontic Appliances 446The Following are Steps of Orthodontic Therapy Using Appliances 446Materials and Methods to Create a Dental Study Model 448Obtaining the Impression 448Creating Arch Impressions Using Alginate 448Pouring the Stone Model 450Water: Powder Ratio 450Follow These Steps to Mix and Pour Stone 450The Following are Steps to Pour the Stone Mixture onto the Impression 450Preparing a Base for Each Cast 451To Separate the Cast from the Alginate Impression 451Trimming the Cast 452Lab Instructions and Shipping 452Inclined Planes 452Further Reading 456Glossary 459Index 475