Systems Engineering in the Fourth Industrial Revolution

RON S. KENETT, PHD, is Chairman of the KPA Group, and Senior Research Fellow, Samuel Neaman Institute for National Policy Research, Technion, Israel. ROBERT S. SWARZ, PHD, is Professor of Practice in the Systems Engineering program of Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts, USA. AVIGDOR ZONNENSHAIN, PHD, is Senior Research Fellow at The Gordon Center for Systems Engineering and at the Samuel Neaman Institute for National Policy Research Technion, Israel.

• Preface xviiList of Contributors xxv1 Systems Engineering, Data Analytics, and Systems Thinking 1Ron S. Kenett, Robert S. Swarz, and Avigdor Zonnenshain1.1 Introduction 21.2 The Fourth Industrial Revolution 41.3 Integrating Reliability Engineering with Systems Engineering 61.4 Software Cybernetics 71.5 Using Modeling and Simulations 81.6 Risk Management 111.7 An Integrated Approach to Safety and Security Based on Systems Theory 131.8 Applied Systems Thinking 151.9 Summary 17References 182 Applied Systems Thinking 21Robert Edson2.1 Systems Thinking: An Overview 222.2 The System in Systems Thinking 242.3 Applied Systems Thinking 252.4 Applied Systems Thinking Approach 262.5 Problem Definition: Entry Point to Applied Systems Thinking 272.6 The System Attribute Framework: The Conceptagon 292.7 Soft Systems Methodology 362.8 Systemigram 372.9 Causal Loop Diagrams 392.10 Intervention Points 402.11 Approach, Tools, and Methods – Final Thoughts 412.12 Summary 41References 423 The Importance of Context in Advanced Systems Engineering 45Adam D. Williams3.1 Introduction to Context for Advanced Systems Engineering 453.2 Traditional View(s) of Context in Systems Engineering 473.3 Challenges to Traditional View(s) of Context in the Fourth Industrial Revolution 483.4 Nontraditional Approaches to Context in Advanced Systems Engineering 513.5 Context of Use in Advanced Systems Engineering 603.6 An Example of the Context of Use: High Consequence Facility Security 633.7 Summary 70References 724 Architectural Technical Debt in Embedded Systems 77Antonio Martini and Jan Bosch4.1 Technical Debt and Architectural Technical Debt 784.2 Methodology 804.3 Case Study Companies 814.4 Findings: Causes of ATD 824.5 Problem Definition: Entry Point to Applied Systems Thinking 854.6 Findings: Long-Term Implications of ATD Accumulation 914.7 Solutions for ATD Management 914.8 Solution: A Systematic Technical Debt Map 924.9 Solution: Using Automated Architectural Smells Tools for the Architectural Technical Debt Map 964.10 Solution: Can We Calculate if it is Convenient to Refactor Architectural Technical Debt? 974.11 Summary 100References 1015 Relay Race: The Shared Challenge of Systems and Software Engineering 105Amir Tomer5.1 Introduction 1055.2 Software-Intensive Systems 1075.3 Engineering of Software-Intensive Systems 1095.4 Role Allocation and the Relay Race Principles 1105.5 The Life Cycle of Software-Intensive Systems 1105.6 Software-Intensive System Decomposition 1145.7 Functional Analysis: Building a Shared Software-Intensive Architecture 1205.8 Summary 127References 1315.A Appendix 1326 Data-Centric Process Systems Engineering for the Chemical Industry 4.0 137Marco S. Reis and Pedro M. Saraiva6.1 The Past 50 Years of Process Systems Engineering 1386.2 Data-Centric Process Systems Engineering 1416.3 Challenges in Data-Centric Process Systems Engineering 1496.4 Summary 152References 1547 Virtualization of the Human in the Digital Factory 161Daniele Regazzoni and Caterina Rizzi7.1 Introduction 1627.2 The Problem 1637.3 Enabling Technologies 1657.4 Digital Human Models 1687.5 Exemplary Applications 1737.6 Summary 183References 1 858 The Dark Side of Using Augmented Reality (AR) Training Systems in Industry 191Nirit Gavish8.1 The Variety of Options of AR Systems in Industry 1918.2 Look Out! The Threats in Using AR Systems for Training Purposes 1928.3 Threat #1: Physical Fidelity vs. Cognitive Fidelity 1938.4 Threat #2: The Effect of Feedback 1948.5 Threat #3: Enhanced Information Channels 1958.6 Summary 196References 1979 Condition-Based Maintenance via a Targeted Bayesian Network Meta-Model 203Aviv Gruber, Shai Yanovski, and Irad Ben-Gal9.1 Introduction 2039.2 Background to Condition-Based Maintenance and Bayesian Networks 2069.3 The Targeted Bayesian Network Learning Framework 2129.4 A Demonstration Case Study 2139.5 Summary 221References 22410 Reliability-Based Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment: A Mining Engineering Case Study 227H. Sebnem Duzgun10.1 Introduction 22710.2 Data Collection 22910.3 Hazard Assessment 23110.4 Summary 237References 23911 OPCloud: An OPM Integrated Conceptual-Executable Modeling Environment for Industry 4.0 243Dov Dori, Hanan Kohen, Ahmad Jbara, Niva Wengrowicz, Rea Lavi, Natali Levi Soskin, Kfir Bernstein, and Uri Shani11.1 Background and Motivation 24411.2 What Does MBSE Need to be Agile and Ready for Industry 4.0? 24811.3 OPCloud:The Industry 4.0-Ready OPM Modeling Framework 24911.4 Main OPCloud Features 25211.5 Software Architecture Data Structure 26011.6 Development Methodology and Software Testing 26211.7 Model Integrity 26311.8 Model Complexity Metric and Comprehension 26411.9 Educational Perspectives of OPCloud Through edX 26611.10 Summary 267References 26812 Recent Advances Toward the Industrialization of Metal Additive Manufacturing 273Federico Mazzucato, Oliver Avram, Anna Valente, and Emanuele Carpanzano12.1 State of the Art 27412.2 Metal Additive Manufacturing 27912.3 Industrialization of Metal AM: Roadmap Setup at the ARM Laboratory 28712.4 Future Work 31412.5 Summary 315References 31613 Analytics as an Enabler of Advanced Manufacturing 321Ron S. Kenett, Inbal Yahav, and Avigdor Zonnenshain13.1 Introduction 32213.2 A Literature Review 32313.3 Analytic Tools in Advanced Manufacturing 32613.4 Challenges of Big Data and Analytic Tools in Advanced Manufacturing 33013.5 An Information Quality (InfoQ) Framework for Assessing Advanced Manufacturing 33313.6 Summary 335References 33613.A Appendix 34014 Hybrid Semiparametric Modeling: A Modular Process Systems Engineering Approach for the Integration of Available Knowledge Sources 345Cristiana Rodrigues de Azevedo, Victor Grisales Díaz, Oscar Andrés Prado-Rubio, Mark J.Willis,  Véronique Préat, Rui Oliveira, and Moritz von Stosch14.1 Introduction 34614.2 A Hybrid Semiparametric Modeling Framework 34814.3 Applications 35214.4 Summary 365Acknowledgments 367References 36715 System Thinking Begins with Human Factors: Challenges for the 4th Industrial Revolution 375Avi Harel15.1 Introduction 37615.2 Systems 37815.3 Human Factors 38015.4 Human Factor Challenges Typical of the 3rd Industrial Revolution 38715.5 Summary 408References 40916 Building More Resilient Cybersecurity Solutions for Infrastructure Systems 415Danie l Wagner16.1 A Heightened State of Vulnerability 41516.2 The Threat is Real 41616.3 A Particularly Menacing Piece of Malware 42116.4 Anatomy of An Attack 42216.5 The Evolving Landscape 42416.6 The Growing Threat Posed by Nuclear Facilities 42516.7 Not Even Close to Ready 42616.8 Focusing on Cyber Resiliency 42816.9 Enter DARPA 43016.10 The Frightening Prospect of “Smart” Cities 43116.11 Lessons from Petya 43416.12 Best Practices 43616.13 A Process Rather than a Product 43716.14 Building a Better Mousetrap 43916.15 Summary 440References 44117 Closed-Loop Mission Assurance Based on Flexible Contracts: A Fourth Industrial Revolution Imperative 445Azad M. Madni and Michael Sievers17.1 Introduction 44617.2 Current MA Approach 44717.3 Flexible Contract Construct 44917.4 Closed-Loop MA Approach 45317.5 POMDP Concept of Operations for Exemplar Problem 45417.6 An Illustrative Example 45717.7 Summary 461Acknowledgments 462References 46218 FlexTech: From Rigid to Flexible Human–Systems Integration 465Guy A. Boy18.1 Industry 4.0 and Human–Systems Integration 46618.2 HSI Evolution: From Interface to Interaction to Organizational Integration 46818.3 What Does the Term “System” Mean? 47018.4 HSI as Function Allocation 47218.5 The Tangibility Issue in Human-Centered Design 47318.6 Automation as Function Transfer 47518.7 From Rigid Automation to Flexible Autonomy 47718.8 Concluding Remarks 47818.9 Summary 479References 48019 Transdisciplinary Engineering Systems 483Nel Wognum, John Mo, and Josip Stjepandić19.1 Introduction 48319.2 Transdisciplinary Engineering Projects 48619.3 Introduction to Transdisciplinary Systems 49319.4 Transdisciplinary System 49519.5 Example 1: Online Hearing Aid Service and Service Development 49819.6 Example 2: License Approach for 3D Printing 50219.7 Summary 506References 50720 Entrepreneurship as a Multidisciplinary Project 511Arnon Katz20.1 Introduction to Entrepreneurship 51120.2 Entrepreneurship as a Project 51320.3 Approaching Change, Risk, and Uncertainty Systematically 51620.4 The Need for a Systemic Transdisciplinary Concept – Conclusions of Case Studies and Experience 51820.5 Assimilating System Concepts in Entrepreneurship Management 52320.6 Overview of Entrepreneurship Elements 53120.7 Summary 534References 53521 Developing and Validating an Industry Competence and Maturity for Advanced Manufacturing Scale 537Eitan Adres, Ron S. Kenett, and Avigdor Zonnenshain21.1 Introduction to Industry Competence and Maturity for Advanced Manufacturing 53821.2 Maturity Levels Toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution 53821.3 The Dimensions of Industry Maturity for Advanced Manufacturing 54021.4 Validating the Construct of the Scale 54121.5 Analysis of Assessments from Companies in Northern Israel 54421.6 Identifying Strengths and Weaknesses 54721.7 Summary 548Acknowledgments 551References 55121.A A Literature Review on Models for Maturity Assessment of Companies and Manufacturing Plants 55321.A.1 General 55321.A.2 CMMI – Capability Maturity Mode Integration 55321.A.3 Models for Assessing Readiness Levels 55421.A.4 Models for Assessing the Digital Maturity of Organizations 55521.A.5 National Models and Standards for Assessing the Readiness of Industry 55621.B The IMAM Questionnaire 55722 Modeling the Evolution of Technologies 563Yair Shai22.1 Introduction to Reliability of Technologies 56422.2 Definitions of Technology 56622.3 The Birth of New Technologies 56722.4 Adoption and Dispersion of Technologies 57422.5 Aging and Obsolescence of Technologies 58022.6 Reliability of Technologies: A New Field of Research 58222.7 Quantitative Holistic Models 58522.8 Summary 595References 598Acronyms 603Biographical Sketches of Editors 609Index 611