Thomas H. Holloway is Professor of Latin American History at the University of California at Davis, where he was Director of the Hemispheric Institute on the Americas from 2000 to 2007. He served as President of the Latin American Studies Association, 2000-01, and Executive Secretary of the Conference on Latin American History, 2002-07. He has taught widely on Latin American history since 1974. His research focuses mainly on the social and economic history of Brazil. His previous books include Immigrants on the Land: Coffee and Society in São Paulo, 1886-1934 (1980) and Policing Rio de Janeiro: Repression and Resistance in a 19th-century city (1993).

"For many readers, this work will prove helpful in engendering a broader understanding of the layers, complexities, and array of approaches in studies of Latin America. Summing Up: Highly recommended." (CHOICE, February 2009) "Blackwell is to be congratulated on offering a comprehensive review drawing together the disparate threads of the history of the many nations which make up the southern half of the American continent … .For the undergraduate student of the general reader seeking a handy overview to the history of the region the present volume provides an excellent introduction." (Reference Reviews, Issue 7 2008)"The 30 scholars who contributed these 28 essays covering prehistoric times to the present represent the fields of anthropology, archaeology, ethnography, gender studies, history, political science, and Spanish. They furnish readers with an excellent addition to the body of works exploring Latin America. Entries are ordered logically and pragmatically and lend structure to a comprehensive approach to the study of Latin America. This work treats Brazil as a distinctive entity and explores women, gender, family, and modern environmental history. The editor addresses the appropriateness of the descriptor "Latin America." The inclusion of these elements is timely, lending to the completeness of coverage. The maps are important to the few entries that include them and provide the reader with graphical data. However, the small size and indiscernible formatting of the maps undermines their potential usefulness. Because of the scholarly tone and depth of information provided in each entry, readers who already have a foundational knowledge of the region will extract the greatest benefit. Nevertheless, for many readers, this work will prove helpful in engendering a broader understanding of the layers, complexities, and array of approaches in studies of Latin America. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above." (A. G. Garza, California State University, Stanislaus, Choice, February 2008)"This volume is an accessible and welcome contribution to the general field of Latin American Studies. Overall, the volume is excellent with just the right mix of generalization and particularity. This volume is smartly structured, well informed, and written by top scholars in the field." (The Americas: Quarterly Review of Inter-American Cultural History, April 2007)

• List of Figures, Tables, and Maps viiNotes on Contributors viiiIntroduction 1Thomas H. Holloway1 Early Population Flows in the Western Hemisphere 10Tom D. Dillehay2 Mesoamerica 28John Monaghan and Andrew R. Wyatt3 Tradition and Change in the Central Andes 42Jeffrey Quilter4 Portuguese and Spaniards in the Age of European Expansion 58William D. Phillips, Jr. and Carla Rahn Phillips5 Exploration and Conquest 73Patricia Seed6 Colonial Brazil (1500–1822) 89Hal Langfur7 Institutions of the Spanish American Empire in the Hapsburg Era 106Susan Elizabeth Ramírez8 Indigenous Peoples in Colonial Spanish American Society 124Kevin Terraciano9 Slavery in the Americas 146Franklin W. Knight10 Religion, Society, and Culture in the Colonial Era 162Rachel Sarah O’Toole11 Imperial Rivalries and Reforms 178John Fisher12 The Process of Spanish American Independence 195Jaime E. Rodríguez O.13 New Nations and New Citizens: Political Culture in Nineteenth-century Mexico, Peru, and Argentina 215Sarah C. Chambers14 Imperial Brazil (1822–89) 230Judy Bieber15 Abolition and Afro-Latin Americans 247Aline Helg16 Land, Labor, Production, and Trade: Nineteenth-century Economic and Social Patterns 264Aldo A. Lauria-Santiago17 Modernization and Industrialization 285Colin M. Lewis18 Practical Sovereignty: The Caribbean Region and the Rise of US Empire 307Mary A. Renda19 The Mexican Revolution 330Adrian A. Bantjes20 Populism and Developmentalism 347Joel Wolfe21 The Cuban Revolution 365Luis Martínez-Fernández22 The National Security State 386David R. Mares23 Central America in Upheaval 406Julie A. Charlip24 Culture and Society: Latin America since 1900 424Robert McKee Irwin25 Environmental History of Modern Latin America 443Lise Sedrez26 Women, Gender, and Family in Latin America, 1820–2000 461Nara Milanich27 Identity, Ethnicity, and “Race” 480Peter Wade28 Social and Economic Impact of Neoliberalism 494Duncan GreenIndex 512

Thomas H. Holloway is Professor of Latin American History at the University of California at Davis, where he was Director of the Hemispheric Institute on the Americas from 2000 to 2007. He served as President of the Latin American Studies Association, 2000-01, and Executive Secretary of the Conference on Latin American History, 2002-07. He has taught widely on Latin American history since 1974. His research focuses mainly on the social and economic history of Brazil. His previous books include Immigrants on the Land: Coffee and Society in São Paulo, 1886-1934 (1980) and Policing Rio de Janeiro: Repression and Resistance in a 19th-century city (1993).

"For many readers, this work will prove helpful in engendering a broader understanding of the layers, complexities, and array of approaches in studies of Latin America. Summing Up: Highly recommended." (CHOICE, February 2009) "Blackwell is to be congratulated on offering a comprehensive review drawing together the disparate threads of the history of the many nations which make up the southern half of the American continent … .For the undergraduate student of the general reader seeking a handy overview to the history of the region the present volume provides an excellent introduction." (Reference Reviews, Issue 7 2008)"The 30 scholars who contributed these 28 essays covering prehistoric times to the present represent the fields of anthropology, archaeology, ethnography, gender studies, history, political science, and Spanish. They furnish readers with an excellent addition to the body of works exploring Latin America. Entries are ordered logically and pragmatically and lend structure to a comprehensive approach to the study of Latin America. This work treats Brazil as a distinctive entity and explores women, gender, family, and modern environmental history. The editor addresses the appropriateness of the descriptor "Latin America." The inclusion of these elements is timely, lending to the completeness of coverage. The maps are important to the few entries that include them and provide the reader with graphical data. However, the small size and indiscernible formatting of the maps undermines their potential usefulness. Because of the scholarly tone and depth of information provided in each entry, readers who already have a foundational knowledge of the region will extract the greatest benefit. Nevertheless, for many readers, this work will prove helpful in engendering a broader understanding of the layers, complexities, and array of approaches in studies of Latin America. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above." (A. G. Garza, California State University, Stanislaus, Choice, February 2008)"This volume is an accessible and welcome contribution to the general field of Latin American Studies. Overall, the volume is excellent with just the right mix of generalization and particularity. This volume is smartly structured, well informed, and written by top scholars in the field." (The Americas: Quarterly Review of Inter-American Cultural History, April 2007)

• List of Figures, Tables, and Maps viiNotes on Contributors viiiIntroduction 1Thomas H. Holloway1 Early Population Flows in the Western Hemisphere 10Tom D. Dillehay2 Mesoamerica 28John Monaghan and Andrew R. Wyatt3 Tradition and Change in the Central Andes 42Jeffrey Quilter4 Portuguese and Spaniards in the Age of European Expansion 58William D. Phillips, Jr. and Carla Rahn Phillips5 Exploration and Conquest 73Patricia Seed6 Colonial Brazil (1500–1822) 89Hal Langfur7 Institutions of the Spanish American Empire in the Hapsburg Era 106Susan Elizabeth Ramírez8 Indigenous Peoples in Colonial Spanish American Society 124Kevin Terraciano9 Slavery in the Americas 146Franklin W. Knight10 Religion, Society, and Culture in the Colonial Era 162Rachel Sarah O’Toole11 Imperial Rivalries and Reforms 178John Fisher12 The Process of Spanish American Independence 195Jaime E. Rodríguez O.13 New Nations and New Citizens: Political Culture in Nineteenth-century Mexico, Peru, and Argentina 215Sarah C. Chambers14 Imperial Brazil (1822–89) 230Judy Bieber15 Abolition and Afro-Latin Americans 247Aline Helg16 Land, Labor, Production, and Trade: Nineteenth-century Economic and Social Patterns 264Aldo A. Lauria-Santiago17 Modernization and Industrialization 285Colin M. Lewis18 Practical Sovereignty: The Caribbean Region and the Rise of US Empire 307Mary A. Renda19 The Mexican Revolution 330Adrian A. Bantjes20 Populism and Developmentalism 347Joel Wolfe21 The Cuban Revolution 365Luis Martínez-Fernández22 The National Security State 386David R. Mares23 Central America in Upheaval 406Julie A. Charlip24 Culture and Society: Latin America since 1900 424Robert McKee Irwin25 Environmental History of Modern Latin America 443Lise Sedrez26 Women, Gender, and Family in Latin America, 1820–2000 461Nara Milanich27 Identity, Ethnicity, and “Race” 480Peter Wade28 Social and Economic Impact of Neoliberalism 494Duncan GreenIndex 512

Thomas H. Holloway is Professor of Latin American History at the University of California at Davis, where he was Director of the Hemispheric Institute on the Americas from 2000 to 2007. He served as President of the Latin American Studies Association, 2000-01, and Executive Secretary of the Conference on Latin American History, 2002-07. He has taught widely on Latin American history since 1974. His research focuses mainly on the social and economic history of Brazil. His previous books include Immigrants on the Land: Coffee and Society in São Paulo, 1886-1934 (1980) and Policing Rio de Janeiro: Repression and Resistance in a 19th-century city (1993).

"For many readers, this work will prove helpful in engendering a broader understanding of the layers, complexities, and array of approaches in studies of Latin America. Summing Up: Highly recommended." (CHOICE, February 2009) "Blackwell is to be congratulated on offering a comprehensive review drawing together the disparate threads of the history of the many nations which make up the southern half of the American continent … .For the undergraduate student of the general reader seeking a handy overview to the history of the region the present volume provides an excellent introduction." (Reference Reviews, Issue 7 2008)"The 30 scholars who contributed these 28 essays covering prehistoric times to the present represent the fields of anthropology, archaeology, ethnography, gender studies, history, political science, and Spanish. They furnish readers with an excellent addition to the body of works exploring Latin America. Entries are ordered logically and pragmatically and lend structure to a comprehensive approach to the study of Latin America. This work treats Brazil as a distinctive entity and explores women, gender, family, and modern environmental history. The editor addresses the appropriateness of the descriptor "Latin America." The inclusion of these elements is timely, lending to the completeness of coverage. The maps are important to the few entries that include them and provide the reader with graphical data. However, the small size and indiscernible formatting of the maps undermines their potential usefulness. Because of the scholarly tone and depth of information provided in each entry, readers who already have a foundational knowledge of the region will extract the greatest benefit. Nevertheless, for many readers, this work will prove helpful in engendering a broader understanding of the layers, complexities, and array of approaches in studies of Latin America. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above." (A. G. Garza, California State University, Stanislaus, Choice, February 2008)"This volume is an accessible and welcome contribution to the general field of Latin American Studies. Overall, the volume is excellent with just the right mix of generalization and particularity. This volume is smartly structured, well informed, and written by top scholars in the field." (The Americas: Quarterly Review of Inter-American Cultural History, April 2007)

• List of Figures, Tables, and Maps viiNotes on Contributors viiiIntroduction 1Thomas H. Holloway1 Early Population Flows in the Western Hemisphere 10Tom D. Dillehay2 Mesoamerica 28John Monaghan and Andrew R. Wyatt3 Tradition and Change in the Central Andes 42Jeffrey Quilter4 Portuguese and Spaniards in the Age of European Expansion 58William D. Phillips, Jr. and Carla Rahn Phillips5 Exploration and Conquest 73Patricia Seed6 Colonial Brazil (1500–1822) 89Hal Langfur7 Institutions of the Spanish American Empire in the Hapsburg Era 106Susan Elizabeth Ramírez8 Indigenous Peoples in Colonial Spanish American Society 124Kevin Terraciano9 Slavery in the Americas 146Franklin W. Knight10 Religion, Society, and Culture in the Colonial Era 162Rachel Sarah O’Toole11 Imperial Rivalries and Reforms 178John Fisher12 The Process of Spanish American Independence 195Jaime E. Rodríguez O.13 New Nations and New Citizens: Political Culture in Nineteenth-century Mexico, Peru, and Argentina 215Sarah C. Chambers14 Imperial Brazil (1822–89) 230Judy Bieber15 Abolition and Afro-Latin Americans 247Aline Helg16 Land, Labor, Production, and Trade: Nineteenth-century Economic and Social Patterns 264Aldo A. Lauria-Santiago17 Modernization and Industrialization 285Colin M. Lewis18 Practical Sovereignty: The Caribbean Region and the Rise of US Empire 307Mary A. Renda19 The Mexican Revolution 330Adrian A. Bantjes20 Populism and Developmentalism 347Joel Wolfe21 The Cuban Revolution 365Luis Martínez-Fernández22 The National Security State 386David R. Mares23 Central America in Upheaval 406Julie A. Charlip24 Culture and Society: Latin America since 1900 424Robert McKee Irwin25 Environmental History of Modern Latin America 443Lise Sedrez26 Women, Gender, and Family in Latin America, 1820–2000 461Nara Milanich27 Identity, Ethnicity, and “Race” 480Peter Wade28 Social and Economic Impact of Neoliberalism 494Duncan GreenIndex 512