Jean-Claude André, CNRS, France.

• Acknowledgments ixForeword xiPreface xvIntroduction xxixPart 1 Programmable Smart/Intelligent Matter and 4D Printing 1Introduction to Part 1 3Chapter 1 Programmable Matter or Smart Matter, Stimulated Organization and 4D Printing 151.1 Introduction 161.2 Natural (spontaneous) self-organization 171.2.1 Nonlinearities 181.2.2 Achieving the desired form? 211.3 “Smart” matter 251.3.1 Active polymers: photochemical muscles 261.3.2 Physical alterations 371.3.3 Distortion of metal parts 391.3.4 Conclusion 411.4 A transition to 4D printing: swimming robots 411.5 4D Printing 461.5.1 Automation and robots481.5.2 Origami 531.5.3 Octobot 571.5.4 Massive objects 571.6 Conclusion 601.7 Bibliography 63Part 2 Live “Smart” Matter and (Bio-printing) 79Introduction to Part 2 81Chapter 2 Bio-printing Technologies 1032.1 Introduction 1042.2 Tissue complexity 1082.3 Bio-printing technologies 1162.3.1 Cell preparation 1202.3.2 Generic bio-printing technologies 1222.3.3 Materials 1332.3.4 Process–material couplings 1382.3.5 Subsequent cell growth 1402.4 Comment: 4D bio-printing 1422.5 Other applications 1422.5.1 Biological applications 1422.5.2 Is it possible to feed ourselves thanks to bio-printing? 1442.5.3 Bioluminescence and electronics 1442.5.4 Bio-printed Bio-bots or “soft robots” produced by additive manufacturing 1442.6 Conclusion 1472.7 Appendix: 3D printing for biological applications 1492.8 Bibliography 151Chapter 3 Some Examples of 3D Bio-printed Tissues 1693.1 Introduction 1703.2 Work on cartilage 1723.2.1 General remarks on cartilage 1733.2.2 Cartilaginous defects and treatments 1773.2.3 Cartilage bio-printing 1783.2.4 Primary results 1833.3 Skin bio-printing 1873.3.1 General remarks on skin 1883.3.2 Bio-printing skin 1903.3.3 Conclusion 1953.4 Bone 1953.4.1 General remarks on the composition of bone 1963.4.2 Bone bio-printing 1983.4.3 Conclusion 2003.5 Bio-printing and cancer 2003.5.1 Examples 2013.5.2 Conclusion and perspectives 2033.6 General Conclusion 2043.7 Bibliography 206Chapter 4 Ethical Issues and Responsible Parties 2174.1 Introduction 2184.2 Reflection on the acceptance of bio-printing 2194.2.1 Raw survey data 2214.2.2 General discussion: whom to trust? 2394.2.3 Preliminary conclusion 2404.3 Ethics and bio-printing 2464.3.1 Framing elements 2504.3.2 Return on the concept of ethics 2544.3.3 What can be foreseen? 2614.3.4 Conclusion 2754.4 Governing bio-printing research: mastering convergence 2794.4.1 Return to 3D printing 2804.4.2 Promises of NBIC convergence and bio-printing 2834.4.3 Convergence 2864.4.4 Comparisons 2874.4.5 Epistemological questions 2924.5 Conclusion 2974.6 Bibliography 300Chapter 5 Questions of Epistemology and Modeling 3155.1 Introduction 3165.2 The PE approach (seen by a possible divergent, somewhat of an HE) 3245.3 The HE approach 3295.4 Complexity and bio-printing 3335.4.1 Complexity? 3345.4.2 Initial reflection for action 3405.5 Return to complexity 3455.5.1 Complexity and system approach 3505.6 Bases of reflection on modeling 3595.6.1 Shooting or Monte-Carlo methods 3595.6.2 Analogy with David Bohm’s works? 3635.6.3 Cellular differentiation 3635.6.4 Scale change(s) 3665.6.5 Questions for realistic modeling 3665.6.6 Provision of an operatory reference 3675.6.7 Organizational methodology 3695.7 Conclusion 3755.8 Bibliography 378Conclusion 393Postface 397Index 419

Jean-Claude André, CNRS, France.

• Acknowledgments ixForeword xiPreface xvIntroduction xxixPart 1 Programmable Smart/Intelligent Matter and 4D Printing 1Introduction to Part 1 3Chapter 1 Programmable Matter or Smart Matter, Stimulated Organization and 4D Printing 151.1 Introduction 161.2 Natural (spontaneous) self-organization 171.2.1 Nonlinearities 181.2.2 Achieving the desired form? 211.3 “Smart” matter 251.3.1 Active polymers: photochemical muscles 261.3.2 Physical alterations 371.3.3 Distortion of metal parts 391.3.4 Conclusion 411.4 A transition to 4D printing: swimming robots 411.5 4D Printing 461.5.1 Automation and robots481.5.2 Origami 531.5.3 Octobot 571.5.4 Massive objects 571.6 Conclusion 601.7 Bibliography 63Part 2 Live “Smart” Matter and (Bio-printing) 79Introduction to Part 2 81Chapter 2 Bio-printing Technologies 1032.1 Introduction 1042.2 Tissue complexity 1082.3 Bio-printing technologies 1162.3.1 Cell preparation 1202.3.2 Generic bio-printing technologies 1222.3.3 Materials 1332.3.4 Process–material couplings 1382.3.5 Subsequent cell growth 1402.4 Comment: 4D bio-printing 1422.5 Other applications 1422.5.1 Biological applications 1422.5.2 Is it possible to feed ourselves thanks to bio-printing? 1442.5.3 Bioluminescence and electronics 1442.5.4 Bio-printed Bio-bots or “soft robots” produced by additive manufacturing 1442.6 Conclusion 1472.7 Appendix: 3D printing for biological applications 1492.8 Bibliography 151Chapter 3 Some Examples of 3D Bio-printed Tissues 1693.1 Introduction 1703.2 Work on cartilage 1723.2.1 General remarks on cartilage 1733.2.2 Cartilaginous defects and treatments 1773.2.3 Cartilage bio-printing 1783.2.4 Primary results 1833.3 Skin bio-printing 1873.3.1 General remarks on skin 1883.3.2 Bio-printing skin 1903.3.3 Conclusion 1953.4 Bone 1953.4.1 General remarks on the composition of bone 1963.4.2 Bone bio-printing 1983.4.3 Conclusion 2003.5 Bio-printing and cancer 2003.5.1 Examples 2013.5.2 Conclusion and perspectives 2033.6 General Conclusion 2043.7 Bibliography 206Chapter 4 Ethical Issues and Responsible Parties 2174.1 Introduction 2184.2 Reflection on the acceptance of bio-printing 2194.2.1 Raw survey data 2214.2.2 General discussion: whom to trust? 2394.2.3 Preliminary conclusion 2404.3 Ethics and bio-printing 2464.3.1 Framing elements 2504.3.2 Return on the concept of ethics 2544.3.3 What can be foreseen? 2614.3.4 Conclusion 2754.4 Governing bio-printing research: mastering convergence 2794.4.1 Return to 3D printing 2804.4.2 Promises of NBIC convergence and bio-printing 2834.4.3 Convergence 2864.4.4 Comparisons 2874.4.5 Epistemological questions 2924.5 Conclusion 2974.6 Bibliography 300Chapter 5 Questions of Epistemology and Modeling 3155.1 Introduction 3165.2 The PE approach (seen by a possible divergent, somewhat of an HE) 3245.3 The HE approach 3295.4 Complexity and bio-printing 3335.4.1 Complexity? 3345.4.2 Initial reflection for action 3405.5 Return to complexity 3455.5.1 Complexity and system approach 3505.6 Bases of reflection on modeling 3595.6.1 Shooting or Monte-Carlo methods 3595.6.2 Analogy with David Bohm’s works? 3635.6.3 Cellular differentiation 3635.6.4 Scale change(s) 3665.6.5 Questions for realistic modeling 3665.6.6 Provision of an operatory reference 3675.6.7 Organizational methodology 3695.7 Conclusion 3755.8 Bibliography 378Conclusion 393Postface 397Index 419

Jean-Claude André, CNRS, France.

• Acknowledgments ixForeword xiPreface xvIntroduction xxixPart 1 Programmable Smart/Intelligent Matter and 4D Printing 1Introduction to Part 1 3Chapter 1 Programmable Matter or Smart Matter, Stimulated Organization and 4D Printing 151.1 Introduction 161.2 Natural (spontaneous) self-organization 171.2.1 Nonlinearities 181.2.2 Achieving the desired form? 211.3 “Smart” matter 251.3.1 Active polymers: photochemical muscles 261.3.2 Physical alterations 371.3.3 Distortion of metal parts 391.3.4 Conclusion 411.4 A transition to 4D printing: swimming robots 411.5 4D Printing 461.5.1 Automation and robots481.5.2 Origami 531.5.3 Octobot 571.5.4 Massive objects 571.6 Conclusion 601.7 Bibliography 63Part 2 Live “Smart” Matter and (Bio-printing) 79Introduction to Part 2 81Chapter 2 Bio-printing Technologies 1032.1 Introduction 1042.2 Tissue complexity 1082.3 Bio-printing technologies 1162.3.1 Cell preparation 1202.3.2 Generic bio-printing technologies 1222.3.3 Materials 1332.3.4 Process–material couplings 1382.3.5 Subsequent cell growth 1402.4 Comment: 4D bio-printing 1422.5 Other applications 1422.5.1 Biological applications 1422.5.2 Is it possible to feed ourselves thanks to bio-printing? 1442.5.3 Bioluminescence and electronics 1442.5.4 Bio-printed Bio-bots or “soft robots” produced by additive manufacturing 1442.6 Conclusion 1472.7 Appendix: 3D printing for biological applications 1492.8 Bibliography 151Chapter 3 Some Examples of 3D Bio-printed Tissues 1693.1 Introduction 1703.2 Work on cartilage 1723.2.1 General remarks on cartilage 1733.2.2 Cartilaginous defects and treatments 1773.2.3 Cartilage bio-printing 1783.2.4 Primary results 1833.3 Skin bio-printing 1873.3.1 General remarks on skin 1883.3.2 Bio-printing skin 1903.3.3 Conclusion 1953.4 Bone 1953.4.1 General remarks on the composition of bone 1963.4.2 Bone bio-printing 1983.4.3 Conclusion 2003.5 Bio-printing and cancer 2003.5.1 Examples 2013.5.2 Conclusion and perspectives 2033.6 General Conclusion 2043.7 Bibliography 206Chapter 4 Ethical Issues and Responsible Parties 2174.1 Introduction 2184.2 Reflection on the acceptance of bio-printing 2194.2.1 Raw survey data 2214.2.2 General discussion: whom to trust? 2394.2.3 Preliminary conclusion 2404.3 Ethics and bio-printing 2464.3.1 Framing elements 2504.3.2 Return on the concept of ethics 2544.3.3 What can be foreseen? 2614.3.4 Conclusion 2754.4 Governing bio-printing research: mastering convergence 2794.4.1 Return to 3D printing 2804.4.2 Promises of NBIC convergence and bio-printing 2834.4.3 Convergence 2864.4.4 Comparisons 2874.4.5 Epistemological questions 2924.5 Conclusion 2974.6 Bibliography 300Chapter 5 Questions of Epistemology and Modeling 3155.1 Introduction 3165.2 The PE approach (seen by a possible divergent, somewhat of an HE) 3245.3 The HE approach 3295.4 Complexity and bio-printing 3335.4.1 Complexity? 3345.4.2 Initial reflection for action 3405.5 Return to complexity 3455.5.1 Complexity and system approach 3505.6 Bases of reflection on modeling 3595.6.1 Shooting or Monte-Carlo methods 3595.6.2 Analogy with David Bohm’s works? 3635.6.3 Cellular differentiation 3635.6.4 Scale change(s) 3665.6.5 Questions for realistic modeling 3665.6.6 Provision of an operatory reference 3675.6.7 Organizational methodology 3695.7 Conclusion 3755.8 Bibliography 378Conclusion 393Postface 397Index 419