Introduction to Energy and Sustainability

Prof. Ognjen Miljanic is an Associate Professor of Chemistry at the University of Houston. Heholds a PhD from the University of California at Berkeley (2005) and a Diploma from the University ofBelgrade (2000). For the past seven years, he has been teaching energy and sustainability to diversestudent audiences. Prof. Miljanic authored more than 70 research papers. His research focuses on the use of porous materials to capture greenhouse gases. Joseph Pratt earned a PhD in economic history from Johns Hopkins University (1976). He taught at UC Berkeley, the Harvard Business School (as a visitor), and Texas A&M University before accepting a chaired position in history and business at the University of Houston, where he retired as an emeritus professor in 2016. His research has focused on energy and environmental issues, and he is the author or coauthor of twelve books. With Professor Ognjen Miljanic, he helped create a minor in energy & sustainability at the University of Houston.Jami Summey-Rice is in the Downstream Commercial Graduate Programme at Shell. She holds aBS in Chemical Engineering from the University of Houston (2017) with minors in Petroleum Engineering and Energy and Sustainabililty. During her time at the University of Houston she served as the teaching assistant for Introduction to Energy and Sustainability. She also published a federal policy recommendation for High Speed Rail in 2015 in conjunction with the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) and Washington Internships for Students of Engineering (WISE). Jami currently serves on the Public Affairs and Information Committee (PAIC) at AIChE supporting the WISE program and the Climate Change Task Force.

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• Preface xvAcknowledgments xixPart I Introductory Concepts 11 Brief History of Our Relationship with Energy 31.1 Discussion Questions 9Further Reading 102 Defining and Quantifying Energy 112.1 International System of Units 112.2 Definition of Force, Energy, and Power 172.3 Units of Energy and Their Interconversion 202.4 Heat Capacity 232.5 Phase Changes 252.6 Energy Content of Fuels 272.7 Practice Problems 292.8 Solutions to Practice Problems 302.9 Discussion Questions 32Further Reading 333 Flows and Conversions of Energy and Matter 353.1 Forms of Energy 353.2 Earth’s Water Cycle 383.3 Carbon Cycle 403.4 Earth’s Energy Balance 433.5 Energy Balance of the United States 453.6 Practice Problems 473.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 483.8 Discussion Questions 49Further Reading 494 Defining and Quantifying Sustainability 514.1 Defining Sustainability 544.2 Quantifying Development 574.3 Energy Security, Environmental Stewardship, Economic Growth, and Equity 624.4 Examples of Sustainable and Unsustainable Development 654.5 Practice Problems 684.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 684.7 Discussion Questions 69Further Reading 705 Laws of Thermodynamics 735.1 Energy Conversions 735.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics 765.3 Entropy 785.4 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 805.5 Practice Problems 825.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 835.7 Discussion Questions 85Further Reading 85Part II Energy Production Today 876 Fossil Fuels and Pollution 896.1 Origins and Evolution of Fossil Fuels 896.2 Combustion – How Does it Work? 916.3 Pollutants: Undesirable Products of Combustion 926.4 Where Are the Pollutants? Environmental Discrimination and Environmental Justice 1026.5 Practice Problems 1036.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 1036.7 Discussion Questions 105Reference 105Further Reading 1067 Coal 1077.1 Coal Formation 1077.2 History of Human Coal Use 1087.3 Manufactured Gas: Creating New Markets for Coal 1157.4 Coal and Labor 1207.5 Coal and Environmental Regulations 1227.6 How Does It Work? 1237.6.1 Coal Mining 1247.6.2 Coal Analysis 1247.6.3 Coal Utilization 1267.7 Supply and Demand 1287.8 Environmental and Societal Risks 1307.9 Future of Coal 1337.10 Practice Problems 1367.11 Solutions to Practice Problems 1367.12 Discussion Questions 137Reference 138Further Reading 1388 Oil 1418.1 Formation of Oil 1418.2 History of Human Oil Use 1438.3 How Does It Work? 1568.4 Oil Refining 1598.5 Supply and Demand 1628.6 Environmental and Societal Risks 1648.7 Political Risks in International Oil 1668.7.1 The Case of Venezuela 1688.8 Future of Oil 1788.9 Practice Problems 1798.10 Solutions to Practice Problems 1798.11 Discussion Questions 180Further Reading 1819 Natural Gas 1839.1 History of Human Natural Gas Use 1839.2 How Does It Work? 1919.2.1 Chemical Composition 1919.3 Supply and Demand 1959.4 Environmental and Societal Risks 1979.5 Global Approaches to Natural Gas 2019.5.1 Germany and Poland 2019.5.2 Russia 2029.5.3 Australia 2029.5.4 China 2039.6 Future of Natural Gas 2039.7 Practice Problems 2049.8 Solutions to Practice Problems 2049.9 Discussion Questions 205Further Reading 20510 Unconventional Sources of Fossil Fuels 20710.1 Enhanced Oil Recovery 20810.2 Expanding into Hostile Regions: Offshore and the Arctic 21110.3 Economic Benefits of Oil Sands vs. the Environmental Costs of Tar Sands 21710.3.1 Heavy Oil in Venezuela 22410.4 Shale Gas and Oil: Innovations in Drilling and the Fracking Revolution 22510.5 Future of Unconventional Oil and Gas 23210.6 Practice Problem 23410.7 Solution to Practice Problem 23410.8 Discussion Questions 234Further Reading 23511 Nuclear Energy 23711.1 History of Nuclear Energy Use 23711.2 How Does It Work? 23811.2.1 Atomic Structure 23811.2.2 Radioactivity 23911.2.3 Nuclear Fission 24111.2.4 Nuclear Fuel and Reactor Design 24311.3 Supply and Demand 24611.3.1 Uranium Supply and Demand 24611.3.2 Nuclear Electricity 24711.3.3 Fuel Reprocessing 24811.4 Environmental and Societal Risks 24911.4.1 Nuclear Accidents 25111.5 Global Approaches to Nuclear Energy 25511.6 Future of Nuclear Power 26011.7 Practice Problems 26111.8 Solutions to Practice Problems 26111.9 Discussion Questions 263Further Reading 26412 Hydroelectric Power 26512.1 How Does it Work? 26612.1.1 Pumped Storage 26812.2 Supply and Demand 27012.3 Environmental and Societal Impacts 27312.4 Global Approaches to Hydroelectric Energy 27612.4.1 Norway 27612.4.2 China 27712.4.3 United States 27712.5 Future of Hydroelectric Energy 27812.6 Practice Problems 28012.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 28012.8 Discussion Questions 282Further Reading 28213 Production and Storage of Electricity 28513.1 Measuring and Quantifying Electricity 28613.2 Electromagnetic Induction 28813.3 Storage of Electricity: Batteries 29113.4 Electric Cars 29513.5 Supply and Demand 29613.6 Practice Problems 29913.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 29913.8 Discussion Questions 300Further Reading 300Part III Energy Consumption Today 30314 Energy Use in Transportation 30514.1 Cars and Internal Combustion Engines 30614.2 Trains 31014.3 Global Shipping 31514.4 Airplanes 31614.5 Practice Problems 31814.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 31914.7 Discussion Questions 320Further Reading 32115 Agricultural Energy Use 32315.1 Fertilizers 32515.2 Farm Mechanization 32815.3 Pesticides 33015.4 Carbon Emissions in Agriculture 33115.5 Food Waste 33215.6 Practice Problems 33415.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 33515.8 Discussion Questions 335Further Reading 33516 Energy Use in Buildings: Residential and Commercial Consumption 33916.1 Heating 34016.2 Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 34216.3 Lighting 34616.4 Labor-Saving Appliances 34916.5 Practice Problems 35016.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 35016.7 Discussion Questions 351Further Reading 35117 Industrial Energy Consumption 35317.1 Production of Iron and Steel 35317.2 Aluminum Production 35617.3 Production of Cement 35817.4 Production of Plastics 36017.5 Embodied Energy 36217.6 Practice Problems 36317.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 36417.8 Discussion Questions 364Further Reading 365Part IV Energy Transitions 36718 Sustainability Transition: Why, When, How Long? 36918.1 Drivers of Previous Transitions 36918.2 Economics of Energy Transitions: Primacy of Price 37218.2.1 Scarcity of Supply 37318.2.2 Internalization of Externalities 37318.3 Politics of Energy Transitions 37418.4 Geopolitical Drivers of Transition: Resource Curse 37818.5 Exxon, World Bank, and Chad: A Failed Experiment in Avoiding Resource Curse 37918.6 Timeline for the Sustainability Transition 38118.7 Regional Specificities and International Tensions 38218.8 Practice Problem 38418.9 Solution to Practice Problem 38418.10 Discussion Questions 385Further Reading 38519 Climate Change 38719.1 Definition of Climate 38919.2 Measuring and Modeling Climate 39019.3 Is It Changing? 39019.4 Are We Responsible? 39119.5 The Earth is Warming. So What? 39419.5.1 Feedback Loops 39819.6 Societal and Economic Effects of Climate Change 39919.7 Can We Stop It? 40119.8 Practice Problems 40219.9 Solutions to Practice Problems 40319.10 Discussion Questions 403Further Reading 404Part V Energy Production Tomorrow 40720 Biomass as a Source of Energy 40920.1 How Does It Work? 41120.1.1 Wood as a Fuel 41220.1.2 Municipal Waste 41420.1.3 Biofuels 41620.2 Supply and Demand 41920.3 Environmental and Societal Risks 42120.4 Global Approaches to Biomass Utilization 42320.4.1 Brazil and Sugarcane-Based Ethanol 42420.4.2 United States and Corn-Based Ethanol 42520.5 Future of Biomass as an Energy Source 42720.6 Practice Problems 42820.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 42820.8 Discussion Questions 429Further Reading 43021 Wind Energy 43321.1 History of Use of Wind Energy 43321.2 How Does It Work? 43721.3 Supply and Demand 44121.4 Environmental and Societal Risks 44421.5 Future of Wind Energy 44721.6 Practice Problems 44721.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 44721.8 Discussion Questions 449Further Reading 44922 Solar Energy 45122.1 History of Human Solar Energy Usage 45122.2 How Does It Work? 45322.2.1 Solar Electricity 45622.3 Supply and Demand 46022.4 Environmental and Societal Risks 46122.5 Global Approaches to Solar Energy 46222.6 Future of Solar Energy 46522.7 Practice Problems 46522.8 Solutions to Practice Problems 46622.9 Discussion Questions 467Further Reading 46723 Hydrogen as a Fuel 46923.1 History of Human Hydrogen Use 47023.2 Production of Hydrogen 47123.2.1 Steam Reforming 47223.2.2 Electrolysis 47323.3 Hydrogen as a Combustion Fuel 47423.4 Hydrogen Fuel Cells 47423.5 Hydrogen as a Nuclear Fuel: Where Does the Solar Energy Really Come From? 47723.5.1 Nuclear Fusion on Earth 47823.6 Environmental and Societal Risks 48023.7 Future of Hydrogen as a Fuel 48123.8 Practice Problems 48223.9 Solutions to Practice Problems 48223.10 Discussion Questions 483Further Reading 48324 Geothermal Energy 48524.1 History of Geothermal Energy Use 48524.2 How Does It Work? 48624.3 Supply and Demand 49024.4 Global Approaches to Geothermal Energy 49224.4.1 Iceland 49224.4.2 Costa Rica 49224.4.3 West of the United States 49324.5 Environmental and Societal Risks 49324.6 Practice Problems 49524.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 49524.8 Discussion Questions 496Further Reading 496Part VI Energy Consumption Tomorrow 49925 Changes in Global Energy Consumption Patterns 50125.1 Developing Countries Become Developed 50325.2 Population Growth 50425.3 Middle Class Growth in the Developing World 50725.4 Sustainability as a Source of Friction Between Developed and Developing Countries 50825.5 Outsourcing Unsustainable Practices 50925.6 Practice Problems 51125.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 51125.8 Discussion Questions 512Further Reading 51226 Energy Conservation 51526.1 Increasing the Efficiency of Appliances and Energy-Consuming Devices 51526.2 Minimizing Energy Waste 51826.3 Changes in Habits and Living Standards 51926.4 Reduction in Material Consumption 52226.4.1 Reduce 52326.4.2 Reuse 52326.4.3 Recycle 52526.5 Global Approaches to Energy Conservation and Recycling 52726.5.1 Japan 52826.5.2 Sweden 52826.5.3 USA 52926.6 Practice Problems 52926.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 53026.8 Discussion Questions 530Further Reading 53127 Future of Cars 53327.1 Fuel Efficiency Standards for Vehicles 53327.2 Powertrain Competition 53627.3 Driverless Vehicles and Ride-Sharing Services 53827.4 Changing Habits: Car as a Status Symbol? 54027.5 Practice Problems 54127.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 54127.7 Discussion Questions 542Further Reading 54328 Energy Conservation in Architectural Design and Urban Planning 54528.1 Energy Efficiency in Old Buildings 54528.2 Energy Conservation in New Construction 54728.2.1 Construction 54828.2.2 Day-to-Day Operation 54828.2.3 Energy-Efficient Design Features 55028.2.4 Demolition 55328.2.5 LEED Certifications 55328.3 Energy Conservation in Urban Planning 55428.4 Future of Residential Construction 55728.5 Practice Problems 55828.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 55828.7 Discussion Questions 559Further Reading 559Appendix 561Index 563