Applied Superconductivity

Edited by Paul Seidel, Professor of Applied Physics at the University of Jena and head of the department of Low Temperature Physics. His main fields of research are thin film deposition and growth, patterning, multilayers, tunneling, Josephson effects, and cryoelectronics. His strong engagement with the community is documented by serving as scientific board member of many international conferences and symposia. Paul Seidel has published more than 200 articles in international journals and contributed to more than 80 books. He is teaching both experimental and theoretical physics and offers special lectures in solid state and low temperature physics.

• Conductorart by Claus Grupen (drawing) XXPreface XXIList of Contributors XXIII1 Fundamentals 11.1 Superconductivity 11.1.1 Basic Properties and Parameters of Superconductors 1Reinhold KleinerReferences 251.1.2 Review on Superconducting Materials 26Roland Hott, Reinhold Kleiner, ThomasWolf, and Gertrud ZwicknaglReferences 441.2 Main Related Effects 491.2.1 Proximity Effect 49Mikhail Belogolovskii1.2.2 Tunneling and Superconductivity 66Steven T. RuggieroReferences 741.2.3 Flux Pinning 76Stuart C.WimbushReferences 901.2.4 AC Losses and Numerical Modeling of Superconductors 93Francesco Grilli and Frederic SiroisReferences 1022 Superconducting Materials 1052.1 Low-Temperature Superconductors 1052.1.1 Metals, Alloys, and Intermetallic Compounds 105Helmut Krauth and Klaus SchlengaAcknowledgments 127References 1282.1.2 Magnesium Diboride 129Davide Nardelli, Ilaria Pallecchi, and Matteo TropeanoReferences 1482.2 High-Temperature Superconductors 1522.2.1 Cuprate High-Temperature Superconductors 152Roland Hott and ThomasWolfReferences 1632.2.2 Iron-Based Superconductors: Materials Aspects for Applications 166Ilaria Pallecchi and Marina PuttiReferences 1883 Technology, Preparation, and Characterization 1933.1 Bulk Materials 1933.1.1 Preparation of Bulk and Textured Superconductors 193Frank N.WerfelReferences 2193.1.2 Single crystal growth of the high temperature superconducting cuprates 222Andreas Erb3.1.3 Properties of Bulk Materials 231Günter Fuchs, Gernot Krabbes, andWolf-Rüdiger CandersReferences 2453.2 Thin Films and Multilayers 2473.2.1 Thin Film Deposition 247Roger WördenweberAcknowledgment 277References 2773.3 Josephson Junctions and Circuits 2813.3.1 LTS Josephson Junctions and Circuits 281Hans-Georg Meyer, Ludwig Fritzsch, Solveig Anders, Matthias Schmelz, Jürgen Kunert, and Gregor OelsnerReferences 2983.3.2 HTS Josephson Junctions 306Keiichi TanabeReferences 3243.4 Wires and Tapes 3283.4.1 Powder-in-Tube SuperconductingWires: Fabrication, Properties, Applications, and Challenges 328Tengming Shen, Jianyi Jiang, and Eric HellstromAcknowledgments 348References 3483.4.2 YBCO-Coated Conductors 355Mariappan Parans Paranthaman, Tolga Aytug, Liliana Stan, Quanxi Jia, and Claudia CantoniAcknowledgments 364References 3643.5 Cooling 3663.5.1 Fluid Cooling 366Luca Bottura and Cesar LuongoReferences 3813.5.2 Cryocoolers 383Gunter Kaiser and Gunar SchroederReferences 3923.5.3 “Cryogen-Free” Cooling 393Gunter Kaiser and Andreas KadeReferences 4014 Superconducting Magnets 4034.1 Bulk Superconducting Magnets for Bearings and Levitation 403John R. Hull4.1.1 Introduction 4034.1.2 Understanding Levitation with Bulk Superconductors 4054.1.3 Rotational Loss 4074.1.4 A Rotor Dynamic Issue 4114.1.5 Practical Bearing Considerations 4124.1.6 Applications 415References 4164.2 Fundamentals of Superconducting Magnets 418Martin N.Wilson4.2.1 Windings to Produce Different Field Shapes 4184.2.2 Current Supply 4204.2.3 Load Lines, Degradation, and Training 4224.2.4 Cryogenic Stabilization 4234.2.5 Mechanical Disturbances and Minimum Quench Energy 4264.2.6 Screening Currents and the Critical State Model 4294.2.7 Magnetization and Flux Jumping 4314.2.8 FilamentaryWires and Cables 4344.2.9 AC Losses 4404.2.10 Quenching and Protection 442References 4474.3 Magnets for Particle Accelerators and Colliders 448Luca Bottura and Lucio Rossi4.3.1 Introduction 4484.3.2 Accelerators, Colliders, and Role of Superconducting Magnets 4484.3.3 Magnetic Design 4554.3.4 Mechanical Design 4674.3.5 Margins, Stability, Training, and Protection 4714.3.6 Field Quality 4784.3.7 Fast-Cycled Synchrotrons 482Acknowledgments 484References 4844.4 Superconducting Detector Magnets for Particle Physics 487Michael A. Green4.4.1 The Development of Detector Solenoids 4874.4.2 LHC Detector Magnets for the ATLAS, CMS, and ALICE Experiments 4894.4.3 The Future of Detector Magnets for Particle Physics 4964.4.4 The Defining Parameters forThin Solenoids 4984.4.5 Thin Detector Solenoid Design Criteria 5004.4.6 Magnet Power Supply and Coil Quench Protection 5054.4.7 Design Criteria for the Ends of a Detector Solenoid 5094.4.8 Cryogenic Cooling of a Detector Magnet 512References 5184.5 Magnets for NMR and MRI 523Yukikazu Iwasa and Seungyong Hahn4.5.1 Introduction to NMR and MRI Magnets 5234.5.2 Specific Design Issues for NMR and MRI Magnets 5264.5.3 Status (2013) of NMR and MRI Magnets 5344.5.4 HTS Applications to NMR and MRI Magnets 5394.5.5 Conclusions 540References 5414.6 Superconducting Magnets for Fusion 544Jean-Luc Duchateau4.6.1 Introduction to Fusion and Superconductivity 5444.6.2 ITER 5464.6.3 Cable in Conduit Conductors (CICC) 5524.6.4 Quench Protection and Quench Detection in Fusion Magnets 5574.6.5 Prospective about Future Fusion Reactors: DEMO 5654.6.6 Conclusion 567References 5684.7 High-Temperature Superconducting (HTS) Magnets 569Swarn Singh Kalsi4.7.1 Introduction 5694.7.2 High-Field Magnets 5694.7.3 Low-Field Magnets 5734.7.4 Outlook 580References 5804.8 Magnetic Levitation and Transportation 583John R. Hull4.8.1 Introduction 5834.8.2 Magnetic Levitation: Principles and Methods 5834.8.3 Maglev Ground Transport 5924.8.4 Clean-Room Application 5974.8.5 Air and Space Launch 598References 599Contents to Volume 2SQUIDart by Claus Grupen (drawing) XXPreface XXIIIList of Contributors XXV5 Power Applications 6035.1 Superconducting Cables 603Werner Prusseit, Robert Bach, and Joachim Bock5.2 Practical Design of High-Temperature Superconducting Current Leads 616Jonathan A. Demko5.3 Fault Current Limiters 631Swarn Singh Kalsi5.4 Transformers 645Antonio Morandi5.5 Energy Storage (SMES and Flywheels) 660Antonio Morandi5.6 Rotating Machines 674Swarn Singh Kalsi5.7 SmartGrids: Motivations, Stakes, and Perspectives/Opportunities for Superconductivity 693Nouredine Hadjsaid, Pascal Tixador, Jean-Claude Sabonnadiere, Camille Gandioli, and Marie-Cécile Alvarez-Hérault6 Superconductive Passive Devices 7236.1 Superconducting Microwave Components 723Neeraj Khare6.2 Cavities for Accelerators 734Sergey A. Belomestnykh and Hasan S. Padamsee6.3 Superconducting Pickup Coils 762Audrius Brazdeikis and JarekWosik6.4 Magnetic Shields 780James R. Claycomb7 Applications in Quantum Metrology 8077.1 Quantum Standards for Voltage 807Johannes Kohlmann7.2 Single Cooper Pair Circuits and Quantum Metrology 828Alexander B. Zorin8 Superconducting Radiation and Particle Detectors 8438.1 Radiation and Particle Detectors 843Claus Grupen8.2 Superconducting Hot Electron Bolometers and Transition Edge Sensors 860Giovanni P. Pepe, Roberto Cristiano, and Flavio Gatti8.3 SIS Mixers 881Doris Maier8.4 Superconducting Photon Detectors 902Michael Siegel and Dagmar Henrich8.5 Applications at Terahertz Frequency 930Masayoshi Tonouchi8.6 Detector Readout 940Thomas Ortlepp9 Superconducting Quantum Interference (SQUIDs) 9499.1 Introduction 949Robert L. Fagaly9.2 Types of SQUIDs 952Robert L. Fagaly9.3 Magnetic Field Sensing with SQUID Devices 9679.3.1 SQUIDs in Laboratory Applications 967Robert L. Fagaly9.3.2 SQUIDs in Nondestructive Evaluation 977Hans-Joachim Krause,Michael Mück, and Saburo Tanaka9.3.3 SQUIDs in Biomagnetism 992Hannes Nowak9.3.4 Geophysical Exploration 1020Ronny Stolz9.3.5 Scanning SQUID Microscopy 1042John Kirtley9.4 SQUID Thermometers 1066Thomas Schurig and Jörn Beyer9.5 Radio Frequency Amplifiers Based on DC SQUIDs 1081Michael Mück and Robert McDermott9.6 SQUID-Based Cryogenic Current Comparators 1096Wolfgang Vodel, Rene Geithner, and Paul Seidel10 Superconductor Digital Electronics 111110.1 Logic Circuits 1111John X. Przybysz and Donald L.Miller10.2 Superconducting Mixed-Signal Circuits 1125Hannes Toepfer10.3 Digital Processing 1135Oleg Mukhanov10.4 Quantum Computing 1163Jürgen Lisenfeld10.5 Advanced Superconducting Circuits and Devices 1176MartinWeides and Hannes Rotzinger10.6 Digital SQUIDs 1194Pascal Febvre11 Other Applications 120711.1 Josephson Arrays as Radiation Sources (incl. Josephson Laser) 1207HuabingWang11.2 Tunable Microwave Devices 1226Neeraj Khare12 Summary and Outlook 1233Herbert C. FreyhardtIndex 1243