Rise of Acuteness in Balto-Slavic

Miguel Villanueva Svensson, Ph.D. (2003), Complutense University of Madrid, is Associate Professor at Vilnius University. He is the author of numerous articles on Baltic, Balto-Slavic and Indo-European linguistics.

• PrefaceList of TablesAbbreviations1 Introduction1.1 Purpose of This Study1.2 Language Labels1.3 Prosodic Terminology. Notation of Reconstructed Forms1.4 Structure of the Work2 Balto-Slavic Prosodics: Stress Position2.1 Introduction2.2 Lithuanian2.3 Latvian2.4 Old Prussian2.5 Slavic2.6 Balto-Slavic Stress: Mobile Nominal Paradigms2.7 Balto-Slavic Stress: Valences2.8 Stress Position in Balto-Slavic and PIE2.9 Rise of Mobility: the State of the Art2.10 PIE and Balto-Slavic Accentual Systems (General)2.11 Hirt’s Law2.12 Illič-Svityč’s Accentual Correlations Revisited2.13 PIE and Balto-Slavic Stress Position: Conclusions and Consequences for the Rise of Acuteness3 Balto-Slavic Prosodics: the Nature of Balto-Slavic Acuteness3.1 Introduction3.2 Lithuanian3.3 Latvian3.4 Old Prussian3.5 Baltic: Interim Summary and Further Prospects: Indirect Evidence3.6 Baltic Circumflex Metatony (with Development *ii̯as > *īs, *ii̯ā > *ē)3.7 Baltic Word-Final *ī > *i3.8 Baltic Secondary Local Cases3.9 Balto-Slavic Local Adverbs3.10 Common Slavic Tones (Evidence)3.11 Slavic Evidence for Acuteness in Unstressed Syllables3.12 Mobility and Acuteness (Meillet’s Law)3.13 Balto-Slavic Acuteness: Summary3.14 Approaches to the Realization of Balto-Slavic Acuteness3.15 Comparative Arguments: PIE Background3.16 Comparative Arguments: Balto-Slavic Data3.17 The Areal Dimension3.18 Balto-Slavic Acuteness from a Typological Perspective3.19 The Realization of Balto-Slavic Acuteness: Summary4 The Origin of Balto-Slavic Acuteness: the State of the Art4.1 Introduction4.2 (PostNeogrammarian Approach4.3 (PostNeogrammarian Approach: Word-Final Syllables4.4 (PostNeogrammarian Approach: Word-Internal Position4.5 Kortlandt’s ‘Glottalization’ Approach4.6 Jasanoff’s Approach4.7 The Rise of Acuteness so far: Summary and Criticism4.8 Conclusion and Further Prospects5 The Indo-European Lengthened Grade in Balto-Slavic5.1 Introduction5.2 PIE Lengthened Grade: Main Types5.3 PIE Lengthened Grade: Origin and Antiquity5.4 PIE Lengthened Grade: Nature of the Evidence5.5 Kortlandt’s Theory of the Origin of the PIE Lengthened Grade5.6 Evidence for Balto-Slavic Non-Acute5.7 Evidence for Balto-Slavic Acute: Verbal Formations5.8 Evidence for Balto-Slavic Acute: Nominal Formations5.9 Word-Final Position: Consonant-Stem Nominative Singular5.10 Word-Final Position: Other Endings5.11 Conclusion5.12 Implications for the Rise of Acuteness and Further Prospects6 Balto-Slavic Non-acute Monophthongs6.1 Introduction: the Problem6.2 Non-acute Monophthongs and Contractional Length6.3 Contractional Length: Nominal Endings6.4 Contractional Length: Verbal Formations6.5 Contractional Length: Other Formations6.6 Loanwords6.7 Monosyllabic Circumflexion6.8 Nikolaev’s Metatony: the Evidence6.9 Origin of Nikolaev’s Metatony6.10 Sources of Acute and Non-acute Monophthongs: Summary and Problems6.11 Winter’s Law6.12 The Rise of Acuteness in Monophthongs7 Osthoff’s Law in Balto-Slavic7.1 Introduction7.2 Osthoff’s Law in Balto-Slavic: the State of the Art7.3 Nature of the Evidence7.4 East Baltic: Word-Internal Position7.5 East Baltic: Long Diphthongs in Absolute Word-Final Position7.6 East Baltic: o-stem Instrumental Plural7.7 East Baltic: Accusative Plural and the Chronology of Osthoff’s Law7.8 East Baltic: Secondary Local Cases7.9 Old Prussian7.10 Slavic: Long Diphthongs in Absolute Word-Final Position7.11 Slavic: Word-Final Syllables7.12 Slavic: Word-Initial *ort-7.13 Slavic: Word-Internal Position7.14 Conclusion8 Acute and Length in Balto-Slavic Diphthongs8.1 Introduction. Typological Unlikeliness of *ERHT > *ĒRT8.2 Lack of Independent Evidence for *ĒRT. Other Approaches8.3 East Baltic Word-Final *-ei̯, *-ai̯ > *ẹ̄ vs. *-ēi̯, *-āi̯ > Lith. ei, 8.4 Baltic ā-stem Locative Singular8.5 Baltic ā-Stem Nominative-Accusative Dual8.6 Baltic ē-stems. Infinitive *-tei̯8.7 Baltic o-Stem Nominative Plural8.8 Baltic Verbal Endings8.9 Lith. pusiau and the Locative Dual8.10 Slavic8.11 Word-Internal Position: i̯e/o-presents to ERH-roots8.12 Word-Internal Position: *-EHU- Sequences8.13 Conclusion: No Length Involved in *ERHT > *ERT8.14 The Rise of Acuteness in Diphthongs8.15 The Rise of Balto-Slavic Acuteness: Framing the Problem8.16 The Rise of Acuteness in Balto-Slavic9 Concluding Remarks9.1 The Rise of Acuteness in Balto-Slavic: Summary and Pending Questions9.2 Contraction across Laryngeals and Balto-Slavic Tonogenesis9.3 The Development of the PIE Laryngeals in Northern Indo-European and Balto-Slavic Tonogenesis9.4 Topics for Future StudyBibliographyIndex of Forms