Albert Reimer – författare

In the opening study included in Horizons in World Physics. Volume 296, the authors argue that that the energy of man-made electromagnetic fields and corresponding electromagnetic radiation with frequencies starting from 0 Hz and approaching the low limit of infrared is not quantized, in contrast to molecular/atomic/nuclear electromagnetic fields/electromagnetic radiation. This study may initiate a better understanding of both the nature of man-made electromagnetic fields and their interaction with matter, especially living matter.Next, using the method of accumulation of phase shifts in the rotating frame, the attenuation function S(t) of the NMR signal from an ensemble of spin-bearing particles in a magnetic-field gradient is expressed through the particle mean square displacement in a form applicable for any kind of stationary stochastic dynamics of spins and for any times.Recent advances in the development of ultrashort-pulse lasers have boosted numerous uses across a wide range of applications related to low and high-energy phenomena, from time-resolved measurements to laser-driven particle accelerators. One promising new application of such lasers is the generation of directional, localized electromagnetic pulses via a two-stage process. This book shows how such formation can be effectively described by relatively simple, easy-to-analyze quadrature or even fully solutions using the STTD (spacetime triangle diagram) technique.Continuing, the authors derive some first order differential equations which model the classical and the relativistic thin layer approximations. The circumstellar medium is assumed to follow a density profile which can be exponential, Gaussian, Plummer-like, self-gravitating, or power law. The first order differential equations are solved either analytically, numerically, by a series expansion, by recursion, or by approximation.In conclusion, the authors calculate the mass spectrum of charmonium for 1P, ..., 4P states of 0++ , as well as for 1S, ..., 5S states of 0aE '+, and 1S, ..., 4D states of 1aE 'aE ' in the framework of a QCD motivated Bethe-Salpeter Equation. In this 4 x 4 BSE framework, the coupled Salpeter equations are first shown to decouple for the confining part of interaction, under heavy-quark approximation, and analytically solved, and later the one-gluon-exchange interaction is perturbatively incorporated leading to mass spectral equations for various quarkonia.

Horizons in World Physics. Volume 297 describes the fabrication and characterization of magnetic field tunable capacitors based on La1–xSrxMnO3/SrxLa1–xTiO3 epitaxial multilayers. The multilayer structures were grown by magnetron sputtering and characterized comprehensively by high resolution transmission electron microscopy combined with electron energy loss spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, low-angle x-ray reflectivity, direct current charge transport measurements and magnetic field dependent alternating current impedance spectroscopy. Next, the authors deal with mass spectrometric characterization of atoms, radicals and ions in magnetron sputtering discharges generated in Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe gases. In these discharges, different kinds of species are generated according to the magnetron target and the kind of sputtering gas used. The procedures and techniques used to suppress Brillouin scattering in lasers are also reviewed. The three different categories of Brillouin suppression methods are discussed in detail, and the authors comment on the effectiveness, ease of implementation and cost of these techniques. This compilation goes on to discuss how computing the capacitance of a system of bodies represents a classical problem, the study of which began in the works of Maxwell and Rayleigh. In practice, bodies may be placed into a medium which can contain defects influencing the mutual capacitance of a pair of bodies and, as a result, the capacitance of the system of bodies. A new design of collimator is proposed that has variable sensitivity and spatial resolution, eliminating the need for exchanging collimators in a radiation camera. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the authors aim to evaluate the shielding of undesirable radiations in a newly proposed collimator. Using the gravitational mass spectroscopy, the influence of the gravitational noise of the universe on the long-range order in collagen was studied, as well as how the neutrino flows from the neutrino halos of the collagen domains run to the TXS 0506 + 056 blazar. A mechanism of the reversible destruction of the collagen domains was proposed, and an ensemble of black holes was concluded to be present inside the blazar. Afterwards, the influence of the gravitational noises of our galaxy on long-range order of molecular clusters and super micellar structures in potato and water was analyzed from 2003 to 2018 by the method of gravitational mass spectroscopy. It was found that the appearance of molecular clusters in biomatrix and liquid water is not stable, they reflecting the state of the GN in our sector of galaxy. Lastly, the authors propose an approximation for the Schrodinger equation, giving the expressions for spectrum and the corresponding wave functions in an explicit form. This approach is also connected with the extended confluent hypergeometric differential equation to help in obtaining further specifications for spectrum.

In Horizons in World Physics. Volume 298, the authors open with an examination of the appearance of special properties of nanofractals in various phenomena, such as fractal Au-nanocatalysis, Fano resonance in fractal quantum dots, the role of nanofractals in solar cell interfaces, and the use of different sized DNA fragments in a new separation method. Following this, a high-speed full spectrum Fiber Bragg gratings interrogation is presented, which allows for the full distorted spectrum of the Fiber Bragg gratings to be sampled during a dynamic high strain rate event. This is done by using a fiber coupled high speed swept laser source. By using this method, severe spectra distortion and wavelength shifts can be captured. This compilation also reviews quantum electrodynamics processes that are relevant for our understanding of neutron star magnetospheres. Several quantum electrodynamics predictions may be tested by observing photons emanating from neutron stars, one of which being vacuum birefringence. The authors propose a new mechanism where dependence on data selection, theory, and procedural decision can be explored community wide. Constant Finder is a comprehensive automated code and user interface which allows users to make their own procedural decisions, adjust experimental and theoretical values and uncertainties, and pose alternatives to theory within several global data-fitting frameworks. Lastly, an exposition of developments in inelastic scattering at low and intermediate energies is theoretically and computationally given. The Schroedinger equation is fundamental for understanding nuclear, atomic and molecular sciences. This equation describes quantum systems, particularly dispersion effects.

Horizons in World Physics. Volume 299 opens with a study on the analysis of photoluminescence spectra of II-VI-based thin films (pure II-VI semiconductor compounds - CdTe, ZnTe, CdSe, Cd1-xZnxTe ternary compound, CdS:Dy rare-earth element doped II-VI compound) at different substrate temperatures. Next, the authors introduce a novel universal carrier-guided nanopore dielectrophoresis technology that can selective capture and detection of single nucleic acid molecules. In this approach, each target nucleic acid molecule is hybridized with a designed cationic carrier to impart a tunable synthetic dipole to the target. This compilation also describes the numerical investigations of some of the possibilities for enhancing the amplified spontaneous emission, generated from a thulium-doped silica fiber at the 2µm wavelength region. The authors provide a fundamental description of the amplified spontaneous emission process and the progress toward the development of the numerical modelling of this phenomenon. Abinitio calculations and high temperature series expansions are used to study the electronic and magnetic properties of Mn2X compounds. Polarized spin and spin-orbit coupling are included in the calculations within the framework of the antiferromagnetic state between two adjacent Mn and Mn atoms. The authors go on to review the behavior of critical systems of the Ising universality class in strip geometry with variable symmetry-breaking boundary conditions and an internal grain boundary based on the Mikheev-Fisher theory. The foundations of the method and the concept of the grain boundary within it are elucidated. Lastly, the structural and optical properties of thin smectic films is discussed by way of a combination of statistical mechanical theories, hydrodynamics of liquid crystal phases, and optical and calorimetric techniques. The authors examine the validity of theoretical descriptions of thin smectic films, both deposited on a solid surface or stretched over an opening.

In this compilation, the authors discuss how the necessity of the complexification of physics, meaning that all physical quantities must be defined within the field of complex numbers. The results of Shnoll experiments that revealed the fine structure of the distribution of all general measurands, which differed from classical Poisson and Gauss distributions, are interpreted in terms of complex physical quantities, making it possible to estimate magnitudes of imaginary parts and to suggest the time and space dependence. Next, Horizons in World Physics. Volume 300 reviews studies on synchronization for three different categories of coupled Hamiltonian systems: measure synchronization in coupled classical Hamiltonian systems; measure synchronization in coupled quantum Hamiltonian systems; Hybrid synchronization in mixed quantum-classical systems. The authors also discuss the underlying source of brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), demonstrating their computed inverse MRI method for brain functional reconstruction and motor task mapping using a 7T finger-tapping experiment. Additionally, the authors develop a mean-field mathematical method to calculate the ground states of antiferromagnets and better understand the applied magnetic-field induced exotic properties. Within antiferromagnetic materials, competitive and cooperative interactions exit leading to substance extraordinary magnetic states. The fundamental possibilities of constructing a mathematical model the creation of the universe, using special protoparticles of small size and small mass, are discussed. If the basis of processes in the universe is motion, then one can proceed from the basic laws of physics, statistical and thermodynamic equilibrium. Following this, this collection examines how the conservation of the energy flux in turbulent jets that propagate in the intergalactic medium allows for the deduction of the law of motion in classical and relativistic cases. Four types of intergalactic medium are considered: constant density, hyperbolic decrease of density, inverse power law decrease of density and a Lane–Emden profile. In the penultimate chapter, a general formalism is explored which allows for the calculation of ground-state vibrational energy of bounded systems directly. The proposed theoretical approach was numerically tested for boron nitride molecular, nanosheet, and crystalline modifications and some other systems within an initial quasi-classical approximation. The closing chapter discusses the emerging evidence that a fourth flavor of neutrino may exist. The fourth neutrino is known as the sterile neutrino and may participate in neutrino oscillations. These oscillations can be viewed as mass state transitions in parametrized relativistic dynamics.

Horizons in World Physics. Volume 301 opens with a discussion on how symplectic difference schemes are of great interest because they possess a number of fundamental properties of Hamiltonian differential equations. In particular, they inherit integral invariants such as momentum, angular momentum, and integrals, which are determined by the symplectic structure of the phase space, including the phase-space volume. Following this, the authors describe the dependence of amplified spontaneous emission on the length through the geometrical gain coefficient. In addition, its accuracy in various media with excitation lengths of 200 and 84 cm for N2 and KrF lasers, respectively, is described, and even in small 2-mm-long polymer or few-centimeter-long Ar x-ray lasers. Later, a simple two-dimensional nonstationary problem is formulated for describing the dispersion of a pollutant in a limited area. Its solutions, as well as solutions of an adjoint problem, are used to obtain dual estimates of the pollutant concentration at a point. One study focuses on the dynamics of charged particles subjected to the Lorentz force inside particle accelerators and the correct derivation of their equations of motion and, ultimately, of their trajectories. As we will see, the reason for the increased challenge is the presence of accelerated motion. Many geometrical optics models have been proposed to describe the propagation of paraxial Gaussian beam. However, those paraxial ray-optics models are inapplicable in the paraxial condition. As such, the penultimate chapter introduces a skew line ray-based model to represent the propagation properties of nonparaxial Gaussian beam under the oblate spheroidal coordinates. The free-space evolution of light beam’s complex wavefront, including amplitude and phase, is derived via this model.

Horizons in World Physics. Volume 302 considers the explanation of (bio)corrosion and (bio)leaching on the base of changes of electric potentials. (Bio)corrosion and (bio)leaching are terms related to the reaction of dissolution of the metals. While (bio)leaching is desirable, (bio)corrosion is an undesirable phenomenon. Liquid film flows coating a solid surface have received much attention in recent decades due to their vast industrial applications, such as surface protection, lubrication and cooling. The authors suggest several future research directions, including flow control and optimization and machine learning. Additionally, theoretical and experimental studies on the generation of ultra-bright internal second harmonics are presented. A model based on one-dimensional nonlinear Maxwell curl equations without taking into consideration the slowly varying envelope approximation has been developed. In quantum mechanics and particle physics, Spin is considered as an intrinsic form of the quantum angular momentum of a point particle. As such, the authors aim to demonstrate that in accordance with the creative original idea of Kronig, Uhlenbek and Goudsmit, we can associate Spin with an intrinsic form of two angular momenta of the quantum Spherical Top. The soft physical effects of various forms of shock waves are assessed in the context of molecular ensembles in liquids and polymers for the selective control of the energy state of its individual structural components. In order to describe Hadron dynamics properly, the embedding of 4-dimensional space to 5-dimensional space is tried in lattice simulations, and in the light front holographic quantumchromo dynamics approach in which symmetric light-front dynamics without ghost are embedded in AdS5. This compilation also examines gluons, vector gauge bosons that mediate strong interactions of quarks in quantum chromodynamics. In closing, to solve nonlinear diffusion problems on a sphere, apart from the pole-bordering method, two implicit, balanced and unconditionally stable finite-difference schemes of the second and fourth approximation orders in spatial variables are proposed.

Horizons in World Physics. Volume 303 begins by examining hyperacute vision experiments based on the eye of a house fly which use solid state electronics to obtain a 10 fold improvement over digital camera technology. This contradicts neuroscience models of hyperacuity based on cortical processing because the house fly does not have a cortex. Following this, the protocol of the seventh dialogue with Uranus inhabitants, including the invitation procedure, is presented and logically analyzed, along with the method for generating gravitational radiation by a neutrino graser. The authors consider the features of the formation of quasi-standing waves in resonators in the presence of factors not previously considered, including: the motion of media filling the resonators, the influence of the magnetization fields on resonators with gyrotropic media and the motion of the boundaries of resonators.Next, a general and pure wave theory of image formation for all types of stellar interferometers, including hypertelescopes, is developed in the frame of Fresnel’s paraxial approximations of diffraction. Additionally, the gravitational mass spectroscopy method is used to study the long-range reaction of ovalbumin to the gravitational noise of the Sun and the center of our galaxy. Some aspects of spectrophotometry are discussed, including fast spectrophotometry with a low-resolution imaging spectrograph and the spectral variability of individual stars. Lastly, the authors present the basic elements of Chern-Simon theory and review some recent aspects of developments in Chern-Simon gauge field theory as a topological quantum field theory on a threemanifold.

In this compilation, the authors describe a volume source of negative hydrogen ions on the basis of Penning ionization gauge with a metal hydride cathode, which plays the role of a cathode and the solid-state generator of working gas. Next, a study is carried out in two cases of constant and variable charges of dust grains. Consideration of the dust charge variation requires the evaluation of charging currents. The possibilities of ultra, short-pulsed laser deposition for modified scratch-resistant surfaces in industrial and optical applications are demonstrated and reviewed. Additionally, results of investigations on new types of silicon p-n junction diodes are presented. As temperature sensors, these types of silicon don’t have the disadvantages inherent to usual commercial devices when they are employed at low temperatures and in the presence of magnetic fields. In the subsequent study, it is found that all bodies are characterized by a neutrino halo which is formed by an equilibrium interaction between the surrounding neutrinos and the neutrino field of the atomic nuclei from the object. The authors match an exterior solution of a spherically symmetric wormhole to the general interior vacuumsolution with specific values of the arbitrary function at the junction interface, thus determining the surface stresses on the thin shell. In closing, the Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin and anti-Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin symmetries of gauge theories are recapitulated. This symmetry plays an important role in proving the unitarity and renormalizability of these theories.

This edited volume includes seven chapters describing recent advancements in physics research from scientists around the world. Chapter One provides an insight into amino acid molecule fragmentation under low- and high-energy electron impact. Chapter Two introduces a new method for passive analysis of the molecular structure of the biomatrix of fungi in vivo. Chapter Three analyzes how width of measuring range affects accuracy of estimated values of thermoelastic and geometrical properties of semiconductors. Chapter Four summarizes modern developments in cosmology in connection with gamma ray bursts. Chapter Five gives a survey of the development of methods for the calculation of current density and eddy currents in a group of long solid parallel conductors. Chapter Six attempts to reconcile quantum field theory predictions with cosmological observations using unified dark energy models. Finally, Chapter Seven reviews alternative proposals to the ΛCDM model of the universe.

This monograph includes five chapters that present recent advancements in physics from authors around the world. Chapter One explores how theories of physics have influenced the international relations discipline and considers what international relations theorists can learn from physics in the future. Chapter Two presents various approaches for determining the electromagnetic field in fixed and steadily rotating charged bodies in the form of a cylinder and a sphere. Chapter Three deals with the synthesis and emission properties of multiple rare earth doped white light-emitting single-phase perovskites. Chapter Four discusses two theoretical methods used to explore the kinetic behavior of the multi-step process of batch protein crystallization. Finally, Chapter Five proposes a modified version of the dual copy idea, which states that the two theories of perturbative gluon-gluon and graviton-graviton scattering amplitudes are dual descriptions of the same physics, in which an exact relation between classical, spherically symmetric metrics and gauge field static potentials is established.

This volume contains six chapters which describe recent advancements in physics. Chapter One discusses optical thermometry when Eu3+ ions are substituted in various perovskites/double perovskite lattices. Chapter Two deals with various aspects of measurements of cosmic-ray interactions on the Earth's surface. Chapter Three covers the use of machine learning for revealing the transfer of xylene from the ambient air to rainwater and an explainable artificial intelligence framework for investigating the relevance of the monitored parameters and identification of the key factors that govern wet deposition of xylene. Chapter Four proposes a new universal constant that connects events in the micro- and macro-world as a consequence of neutrino processes of proton clustering. Chapter Five introduces a new proposal for a gravitational Bose Einstein condensate associated with a special relativity deformed by a minimum speed. Lastly, Chapter Six studies the possible effect of proper ultralight massive structures on the propagation behavior of gravitational waves and neutrinos.

This volume includes ten chapters that describe recent advancements in physics research. Chapter One analyzes the molecular interaction of various types of radiation on biological matter. Chapter Two deals with supercontinuum generation using noise-like pulses from erbium-doped fiber lasers. Chapter Three examines new thermodynamic approaches to ferroelectric phase transitions. Chapter Four studies the gravitational noise from model helical structures in gelatin and chromosomes. Chapter Five describes the influence of nuclear DNA on mitochondrial DNA. Chapter Six presents the results obtained in two different problems in quantum information theory. Chapter Seven reviews hybrid quantum systems built with neutral atoms. Chapters Eight and Nine assesses the potential of successors and upgrades to the Large Hadron Collider. Finally, Chapter Ten provides measurement techniques for determining thermal conductivity on bulk samples and thin films.

This book focuses on the latest developments in physics research.

This volume contains seven chapters that detail horizons in world physics. Chapter One discusses theoretical constructions, namely the GIM-theory (gradient instability mechanism theory). Chapter Two reviews the statistical models developed over time to study host-parasite coevolution. Chapter Three assesses the theoretical frameworks that illustrate the phenomenon of cooperation at various scales of biological organization, ranging from micro to macroscopic organisms. Chapter Four discusses relativistic meta-electrons. Chapter Five investigates the effects of extremely low frequency and high frequency electromagnetic fields on the secondary structure of typical proteins by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy techniques. Chapter Six presents the influence of the neutrino flux on atmospheric water in Europe. Finally, Chapter Seven focuses on analyzing the conversion of solar radiation by biological systems, through an endoreversible photosynthesis engine, which consists of a photo-thermal work extractor coupled with a chemical reactor to synthesize glucose.

This book contains nine chapters that detail horizons in world physics. Chapter One aims to predict the decay channels of superheavy atomic nuclei. Chapter Two presents and analyzes the results of an experimental study of the electromagnetic (EM) radiation propagation in two types of metal–dielectric photonic-crystal composite systems based on opals obtained by the authors. Chapter Three discusses the interconnection of stages in the energy evolution of an open system. Chapter Four studies the nature of the proton, neutron, and electron by the method of gravitational mass spectroscopy. Chapter Five explains the complexities of entropy generation. Chapter Six introduces new forms of the basic quantities of the electromagnetic field - the vector of the magnetic field intensity𝐻⃗⃗ , the vector of the magnetic flux density𝐵⃗ , the vector of the electric field intensity𝐸⃗ and some others. Chapter Seven gives an orgraph of the formation of the cycle of cluster construction of masses in their homological series from preons to galaxies. Chapter Eight studies the homologous series of elementary particles and celestial bodies. Lastly, Chapter Nine discusses a non-equilibrium hydrodynamic approach for the description of the emission of high energy secondary particles.

This book is a compilation of fourteen chapters on the most recent discoveries in World Physics. In Chapter One, the author''s new interdisciplinary approach, based on nonlocal transport equations with memory obtained in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, describes structural evolution on the mesoscale using principles developed in adaptive systems control theory. The distinctions and similarities in the evolution of four types of solitary waves propagating in an elastic nonlinear material are studied and commented on in Chapter Two. The atomic nuclei clusters (ANC) - genomes of viruses and bacteria, molecular clusters, domains, coils in the biocenosis of liquid manure were studied in Chapter Three. In Chapter Four, the traditional problem of longitudinal waves in collisionless plasma is solved. Chapter Five is a report of the procedure and results of estimating the temperatures of extrasolar planets discovered by NASA’s Kepler-Mission to determine which may be potentially habitable. Chapter Six explores how we might utilize extrasolar planet density data to help develop criterion for distinguishing between the different types of extrasolar planets, such as Earths, Mini-Neptunes, and Neptunes. In Chapter Seven the authors observed the tracks of Earth’s axions in the direction of the Sun and M1, which led to the conclusion that the planet had collided with a massive cloud of preons. In Chapter Eight, the International System of Physical Quantities (ISQ) was adapted to the new system (BPSQ) based on the characteristics of the proton''s baryon form. The next chapter displays photographs of the Earth’s axions tracks that are desorbed in the direction of magnetic storms on the Sun at the beginning of August 2023. A model of the desorption process is presented, and observation results are explained. In Chapter Ten, photographs of the tracks of the Moon’s axions are exhibited against the background of the tracks of the Earth’s axions during the period of intense magnetic storms on the Sun (December 2023) as a result of falling into the preon cloud. In the following chapter, photographs of the Earth’s axion tracks are presented again, this time with the appearance of a new cloud of preons in the constellation Virgo. In Chapter Twelve the author discusses the classical theory of molecular optical activity. In Chapter Thirteen, the authors investigate the IVPs for n-dimensional Schrödinger and wave equations. The final chapter provides a brief review of the consequences of the hypothesis regarding the existence of a background of superstrong interacting gravitons.