David M. Mark – författare

The Navajo language (Diné bizaad) has a vocabulary of landscape terms that allows speakers to communicate about their environment. This book documents that vocabulary and provides photographic illustration of many of the terms. The meanings of these terms seldom match the English-language terms one-to-one. Terms include explicit reference to earth materials such as water or rock/stone. Rather than alphabetically, this book is organized by material and form categories.This dictionary is a valuable resource for language preservation in schools and elsewhere, and for linguists, anthropologists, geographers, and earth scientists interested in indigenous conceptualization of landscape and environment.

The Navajo language (Diné bizaad) has a vocabulary of landscape terms that allows speakers to communicate about their environment. This book documents that vocabulary and provides photographic illustration of many of the terms. The meanings of these terms seldom match the English-language terms one-to-one. Terms include explicit reference to earth materials such as water or rock/stone. Rather than alphabetically, this book is organized by material and form categories.This dictionary is a valuable resource for language preservation in schools and elsewhere, and for linguists, anthropologists, geographers, and earth scientists interested in indigenous conceptualization of landscape and environment.

This volume contains the papers presented at the "Conference on Spatial Inf- mationTheory",heldinEllicottville,NewYorkinSeptember 2005.COSIT2005 was the 7th International Conference held under the COSIT name. When - drewFrankandhiscolleaguesorganizedthe?rstCOSITconferenceontheisland of Elba, Italy, in 1993, it represented the maturing of an international research community that had already met four or ?ve times in the United States, Spain, and Italy. Of course, cognitive and computational approaches to space and s- tial phenomena werenot themselves new topics,but a contextof providingth- retical underpinning for geographicinformation systems refocused some of these researchers and brought them up against practical and conceptual challenges. A second international symposium under the COSIT name, held in Semmering, Austria in 1995, established COSIT as a biennial conference series that cont- ued at Laurel Highlands, Pennsylvania, USA (1997), Stade, Germany (1999), Morro Bay, California, USA (2001) and Ittingen, Switzerland (2003).A prod- tive partnership with Springer's Lecture Notes in Computer Science has ensured that the papers from every COSIT meeting have been widely disseminated, and the COSIT community has contributed signi?cantly to the development of G- graphic Information Science, Geoinformatics and Spatial Information Theory in general.

The initiation of the GIScience conference series came with the observation that the GIScience ?eld has a widely fragmented conference landscape. Many papers on geographic information science are presented not only at such specialized meetings as the biennial Conferences on Spatial Information Theory (COSIT), the Symposia on Spatial and Temporal databases (SSTD), the International Symposia on Spatial Accuracy, the Symposia on Spatial Data Handling (SDH), or the ACM Workshop on Geographic Information Systems (ACM GIS), but also at the large meetings of the professional organizations that deal with - ographic information systems. The lack of an opportunity to exchange ideas across the disciplinary specializations led to the creation of the GIScience c- ference series as a forum for all GIScience researchers who are interested in the advances in research in the fundamental aspects of geographic information s- ence. The ?rst meeting was held in Savannah, Georgia, USA, in October 2000 (www. giscience. org/GIScience2000) with 120 paper presentations (selected from the submission of extended abstracts) and over 300 attendees.GIScience 2002 in Boulder, Colorado, USA followed this highly successful inaugural meeting. Atrademarkoftheresearch?eldofgeographicinformationscienceisthed- ciplinary mixture of researchers contributing the advancement of our knowledge. One typically ?nds cognitive scientists, computer scientists, engineers, geog- phers,informationscientists,mathematicians,philosophers,psychologists,social scientists,andstatisticians. Ofcourse,thislistisneitherexhaustivenorexclusive. Acriticalaspectforthesuccessofthe?eldisthedialogamongtheseresearchers, becauseadvancesalongthemanyintersectionsofthecontributingdisciplinesare paramount for geographic information science, requiring the concurrent att- tionfromresearchersfrommultipledisciplines. TheGIScienceconferencesaimto serve as the disciplinary melting pot for geographic information science research.

The Conference on Spatial Information Theory – COSIT – grew out of a series of workshops / NATO Advanced Study Institutes / NSF specialist meetings concerned with cognitive and applied aspects of representing large-scale space, particularly geographic space. In these meetings, the need for a well-founded theory of spatial information processing was identified. The COSIT conference series was established in 1993 as a biennial interdisciplinary European conference on the representation and processing of information about large-scale space, after a successful international conference on the topic had been organized by Andrew Frank et al. in Pisa, Italy, in 1992 (frequently referred to as ‘COSIT zero’). After two successful European conferences with strong North-American participation (COSIT ’93, held on the Island of Elba, Italy; COSIT ’95, held in Semmering, Austria), the conference became a truly international enterprise when COSIT ’97 was held in the Laurel Highlands, Pennsylvania, USA. COSIT ’99 will take place in Stade, Germany. All aspects of large-scale space, i. e. spaces too large to be seen from a single vantage point, are addressed in the COSIT conferences. These include spaces of geographic scale, as well as smaller spaces in which humans, animals, or autonomous robots have to find their way around. Spatial information theory also deals with the description of objects, processes, or events in spatial environments and it forms the foundation for the construction of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and for spatial information and communication system design in general.

The Conference on Spatial Information Theory – COSIT – grew out of a series of workshops / NATO Advanced Study Institutes / NSF specialist meetings concerned with cognitive and applied aspects of representing large-scale space, particularly geographic space. In these meetings, the need for a well-founded theory of spatial information processing was identified. The COSIT conference series was established in 1993 as a biennial interdisciplinary European conference on the representation and processing of information about large-scale space, after a successful international conference on the topic had been organized by Andrew Frank et al. in Pisa, Italy, in 1992 (frequently referred to as ‘COSIT zero’). After two successful European conferences with strong North-American participation (COSIT ’93, held on the Island of Elba, Italy; COSIT ’95, held in Semmering, Austria), the conference became a truly international enterprise when COSIT ’97 was held in the Laurel Highlands, Pennsylvania, USA. COSIT ’99 will take place in Stade, Germany. All aspects of large-scale space, i. e. spaces too large to be seen from a single vantage point, are addressed in the COSIT conferences. These include spaces of geographic scale, as well as smaller spaces in which humans, animals, or autonomous robots have to find their way around. Spatial information theory also deals with the description of objects, processes, or events in spatial environments and it forms the foundation for the construction of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and for spatial information and communication system design in general.

20 years ago, from July 8 to 20, 1990, 60 researchers gathered for two weeks at Castillo-Palacio Magalia in Las Navas del Marques (Avila Province, Spain) to discuss cognitive and linguistic aspects of geographic space. This meeting was the start of successful research on cognitive issues in geographic information science, produced an edited book (D. M. Mark and A. U. Frank, Eds., 1991, Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space. NATO ASI Series D: Behavioural and Social Sciences 63. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston/London), and led to a biannual conference (COSIT), a refereed journal (Spatial Cognition and Computation), and a substantial and still growing research community. It appeared worthwhile to assess the achievements and to reconsider the research challenges twenty years later. What has changed in the age of computational ontologies and cyber-infrastructures? Consider that 1990 the web was only about to emerge and the very first laptops had just appeared! The 2010 meeting brought together many of the original participants, but was also open to others, and invited contributions from all who are researching these topics. Early-career scientists, engineers, and humanists working at the intersection of cognitive science and geographic information science were invited to help with the re-assessment of research needs and approaches. The meeting was very successful and compared the research agenda laid out in the 1990 book with achievements over the past twenty years and then turned to the future: What are the challenges today? What are worthwhile goals for basic research? What can be achieved in the next 20 years? What are the lessons learned? This edited book will assess the current state of the field through chapters by participants in the 1990 and 2010 meetings and will also document an interdisciplinary research agenda for the future.

20 years ago, from July 8 to 20, 1990, 60 researchers gathered for two weeks at Castillo-Palacio Magalia in Las Navas del Marques (Avila Province, Spain) to discuss cognitive and linguistic aspects of geographic space. This meeting was the start of successful research on cognitive issues in geographic information science, produced an edited book (D. M. Mark and A. U. Frank, Eds., 1991, Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space. NATO ASI Series D: Behavioural and Social Sciences 63. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston/London), and led to a biannual conference (COSIT), a refereed journal (Spatial Cognition and Computation), and a substantial and still growing research community. It appeared worthwhile to assess the achievements and to reconsider the research challenges twenty years later. What has changed in the age of computational ontologies and cyber-infrastructures? Consider that 1990 the web was only about to emerge and the very first laptops had just appeared! The 2010 meeting brought together many of the original participants, but was also open to others, and invited contributions from all who are researching these topics. Early-career scientists, engineers, and humanists working at the intersection of cognitive science and geographic information science were invited to help with the re-assessment of research needs and approaches. The meeting was very successful and compared the research agenda laid out in the 1990 book with achievements over the past twenty years and then turned to the future: What are the challenges today? What are worthwhile goals for basic research? What can be achieved in the next 20 years? What are the lessons learned? This edited book will assess the current state of the field through chapters by participants in the 1990 and 2010 meetings and will also document an interdisciplinary research agenda for the future.