Dr. Nand Lal Choudhary – författare

The history of biochemistry spans approximately 400 years. Although the term "biochemistry" seems to have been first used in 1882, it is generally accepted that the word "biochemistry" was first proposed in 1903 by Carl Neuberg, a German chemist. Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms. Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes. By controlling information flow through biochemical signalling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the seemingly magical phenomenon of life. The technologies that underpinned the Green Revolution, though still contributing to food production yet, appear to be inadequate to meet the challenges that lie ahead. The expanding population has already taken an additional and serious toll on the natural resources. While solutions to many of these problems are to be found in the applications of wise policies and the allocation of additional resources towards development, new technologies undoubtedly also have major part to play. Just as the green revolution had its origins in science and technology, and particularly in the science of genetics. So the application of new biotechnological methods could lead to a new revolution-the Gene Revolution. The aim of the book is to put researchers engaged in different areas of research on a common platform so as to be benefited by the current state of knowledge in the field of this subject.

Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of laws and concepts of physics. It applies the principles, practices and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics and dynamics. Physical chemistry, in contrast to chemical physics, is predominantly (but not always) a macroscopic or supra-molecular science, as the majority of the principles on which physical chemistry was founded, are concepts related to the bulk rather than on molecular/atomic structure alone. For example, chemical equilibrium, and colloids. The key concepts of physical chemistry are the ways in which pure physics is applied to chemical problems. One of the key concepts in chemistry is that all chemical compounds can be described as groups of atoms bonded together and chemical reactions can be described as the making and breaking of those bonds. This book is fed with the information of this subject. This book will be very useful for a wide range of interested groups.

The analytical process often begins with a question that is not phrased in terms of a chemical analysis. The question could be “Does lead in petrol enter our food supply?” or “Is this water safe to drink?” or “Does emission testing of automobiles reduce air pollution?” A scientist translates such questions into the need for particular measurements. An analytical chemist then must choose or invent a procedure to carry out those measurements, When the analysis is complete, the analyst must translate the results into terms that can be understood by others ­ preferably by the general public. A most important feature of any results is its limitations. What is the statistical uncertainty in reported results? If you took samples in a different manner, would you obtain the same results? Is a tiny amount (a trace) of analyte found in a sample really there or is it contamination? Once all interested parties understand the results and their limitations, then they can draw conclusions and reach decisions. This book provides extensive account of recent developments in the field. Attempts have been made to design a textbook by incorporating important topics that are useful and effective for students.

Nuclear chemistry is the subfield of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes and nuclear properties. It is the chemistry of radioactive elements such as the actinides, radium and radon together with the chemistry associated with equipment (such as nuclear reactors) which are designed to perform nuclear processes. This includes the corrosion of surfaces and the behaviour under conditions of both normal and abnormal operation (such as during an accident). An important area is the behaviour of objects and materials after being placed into a nuclear waste storage or disposal site. It includes the study of the chemical effects resulting from the absorption of radiation within living animals, plants, and other materials. The book will be of use to the students, researchers and general readers of this subject.

The work of Henri Braconnot in 1777 and the work of Christian Schönbein in 1846 led to the discovery of nitrocellulose, which, when treated with camphor produced celluloid. Dissolved in ether oracetone, it is collodion, used as a wound dressing since the U.S. Civil War. Cellulose acetate was first prepared in 1865. In 1834, Friedrich Ludersdorf and Nathaniel Hayward independently discovered that adding sulphur to raw natural rubber (polyisoprene) helped prevent the material from becoming sticky. In 1844 Charles Goodyear received a U.S. patent for vulcanizing rubber with sulphur and heat. It is expected that the book will provide a fund of rich experiences to the students and teachers.

Organic synthesis is a special branch of chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of organic compounds via organic reactions. Organic molecules can often contain a higher level of complexity compared to purely inorganic compounds, so the synthesis of organic compounds has developed into one of the most important branches of organic chemistry. There are two main areas of research fields within the general area of organic synthesis: total synthesis and methodology. A total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of complex organic molecules from simple, commercially available (petrochemical) or natural precursors. In a linear synthesis—often adequate for simple structures—several steps are performed one after another until the molecule is complete. The chemical compounds made in each step are usually deemed synthetic intermediates. For more complex molecules, a different approach may be preferable: convergent synthesis involves the individual preparation of several “pieces”, which are then combined to form the desired product. Each step of a synthesis involves a chemical reaction, and reagents and conditions for each of these reactions need to be designed to give a good yield and a pure product, with as little work as possible. A method may already exist in the literature for making one of the early synthetic intermediates, and this method will usually be used rather than “trying to reinvent the wheel”. However most intermediates are compounds that have never been made before, and these will normally be made using general methods developed by methodology researchers. To be useful, these methods need to give high yields, and to be reliable for a broad range of substrates. The encyclopaedia will be of use to the students, researchers and general readers of this subject.

Organic synthesis is a special branch of chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of organic compounds via organic reactions. Organic molecules can often contain a higher level of complexity compared to purely inorganic compounds, so the synthesis of organic compounds has developed into one of the most important branches of organic chemistry. There are two main areas of research fields within the general area of organic synthesis: total synthesis and methodology. A total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of complex organic molecules from simple, commercially available (petrochemical) or natural precursors. In a linear synthesis—often adequate for simple structures—several steps are performed one after another until the molecule is complete. The chemical compounds made in each step are usually deemed synthetic intermediates. For more complex molecules, a different approach may be preferable: convergent synthesis involves the individual preparation of several “pieces”, which are then combined to form the desired product. Each step of a synthesis involves a chemical reaction, and reagents and conditions for each of these reactions need to be designed to give a good yield and a pure product, with as little work as possible. A method may already exist in the literature for making one of the early synthetic intermediates, and this method will usually be used rather than “trying to reinvent the wheel”. However most intermediates are compounds that have never been made before, and these will normally be made using general methods developed by methodology researchers. To be useful, these methods need to give high yields, and to be reliable for a broad range of substrates. The encyclopaedia will be of use to the students, researchers and general readers of this subject.

Organic synthesis is a special branch of chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of organic compounds via organic reactions. Organic molecules can often contain a higher level of complexity compared to purely inorganic compounds, so the synthesis of organic compounds has developed into one of the most important branches of organic chemistry. There are two main areas of research fields within the general area of organic synthesis: total synthesis and methodology. A total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of complex organic molecules from simple, commercially available (petrochemical) or natural precursors. In a linear synthesis—often adequate for simple structures—several steps are performed one after another until the molecule is complete. The chemical compounds made in each step are usually deemed synthetic intermediates. For more complex molecules, a different approach may be preferable: convergent synthesis involves the individual preparation of several “pieces”, which are then combined to form the desired product. Each step of a synthesis involves a chemical reaction, and reagents and conditions for each of these reactions need to be designed to give a good yield and a pure product, with as little work as possible. A method may already exist in the literature for making one of the early synthetic intermediates, and this method will usually be used rather than “trying to reinvent the wheel”. However most intermediates are compounds that have never been made before, and these will normally be made using general methods developed by methodology researchers. To be useful, these methods need to give high yields, and to be reliable for a broad range of substrates. The encyclopaedia will be of use to the students, researchers and general readers of this subject.

The book covers the topics 1. Applications in Bioorganic Chemistry 2. Bioorganic Products 3. General Properties of the Cycloalkanes 4. DNA Biochemistry 5. Supramolecular Metalloproteins 6. Carbohydrate and Biochemistry 7. Blood Cell, Vitamins and Cytoplasm 8. Cell Signalling and Gene Transcription