Magnus Johannesson – Författare

This volume describes the theory and methods of economic evaluation of health care. Currently, most economic evaluations of health care programmes are cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses, while in the environmental and traffic safety fields it is common to carry out instead traditional cost-benefit analysis of health improving programmes. This difference in how health programmes are assessed in different fields was the original motivation for writing this book. The text aims to show how the costs and benefits of health-care programmes can be defined and measured using welfare economic theory. Also, considerable attention is devoted to cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis where the health effects are measured in non-monetary units, thus providing a unifying cost-benefit framework for all methods of economic evaluation. Finally, the problems and potentials of using economic evaluation in policy making are also discussed. The book provides numerous examples of applications of the different methods. It is intended for both instructors and practitioners in the health-care field.

Which scientific results can we trust? This question has been brought to the forefront of research in the social sciences in recent years with the movement towards open science practices and preregistration. Systematic replication studies of laboratory experiments in the social sciences have found that only about half of the “statistically significant” results published in top journals can be replicated in the sense that similar results are achieved with new data. This low replicability may be even lower in studies based on observational data as such studies have more degrees of freedom in the analysis of the data leading to larger possibilities to selectively report more publishable findings.In this book, the authors provide a framework for evaluating reproducibility, replicability and generalizability of empirical research in the social sciences. They define different types of reproducibility and replicability and show how they can be measured to evaluate the credibility of published findings. Different approaches to improving the credibility of published findings, such as preregistration with detailed pre-analysis plans, Registered Report publications, and preregistered prospective meta-analysis are also outlined and discussed. Even if published results are not systematically biased, the variation in results across populations, research designs, and analyses decreases the reliability and generalizability of published findings. The book shows how such heterogeneity in results can be measured and incorporated in the analysis to more accurately represent the uncertainty and thereby generalizability of reported results.