Mehmet Çelik – författare

To curb the influence of minority populations and "outside enemies," the Ottoman government implemented new and experimental Tanzimat reforms within the empire’s center and provincial regions. By the 1860s, the city of Rusçuk in present-day Bulgaria and capital of the Ottoman Danube province became a test case for this expansive reform movement within an urbanizing and contested peripheral landscape. In Empire and Nation in the City, Mehmet Çelik traces how the Danube province and Rusçuk, in particular, experienced a series of swift political transitions from a "modernized" Ottoman administration, to a Russian provisional government, and finally to a Bulgarian nation-state. Çelik examines the transformative effects of each political system, arguing that Bulgarian nationalism was not a uniform ideology, but a flexible and mutable one that engaged multiple loyalties—Bulgarian and Ottoman among them. To understand these competing loyalties, he explores the diverse religious and multiethnic makeup of Rusçuk and the multifaceted responses to imperial control, nationalist sympathies, and political movements. Rather than assess Ottoman rule and Bulgarian nationhood as separate periods, Çelik bridges these moments to understand the continuity of Ottoman reforms within a burgeoning Bulgarian nation.

In the age of nationalism, the Ottoman Empire charted a different course, one promoting Ottomanism as a unifying identity through ambitious modernizing reforms. With the establishment of the Danube Province in 1864, Ruscuk (present-day Bulgaria) became its capital and a test case in a contested provincial landscape. What followed were a series of swift political transitions from a "e;modernized"e; Ottoman administration to a Russian provisional government and finally to a Bulgarian nation-state. In Empire and Nation in the City, Mehmet Celik argues that Bulgarian nationalism was not a uniform ideology but a flexible one engaging multiple loyalties-Bulgarian and Ottoman among them. He shows how political integration, economic growth, and surveillance constrained nationalist activity while compelling many non-Muslims to invest in the empire's longevity. Yet pragmatism and social class proved as powerful as nationalism and religion, leaving many individuals indifferent to the later concerns. Rather than assess Ottoman rule and Bulgarian nationhood as separate periods, Celik reveals the continuity of Ottoman reforms within a burgeoning Bulgarian nation.

With over 8,000 years of history, Izmir is among the world’s ­oldest cities. Founded as Smyrna on the shores of the ­Aegean Sea, the city has beenhome to all manner of cultures over the centuries. Each one left behind its architectural traces, turning the city into a palimpsest of millennia of urban life. A cosmopolitan, multi-ethnic port city known as the ‘pearl of the ­Aegean‘ in the ­Ottoman Empire, Izmir is now one of Turkey’s largest metropolises. This book explores the diverse architectural ­heritage of the city. Through a selection of 265 buildings, among them the works of architects like Gustave Eiffel and ­Bruno Taut, it narrates the evolution of Izmir’s built environment from ancient times to the present. To help visitors understand the city‘s urban structure, it also explains the region’s characteristic ­architectural forms.