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In the grand design of slavery in the Caribbean, White planters separated African slaves of similar tribal and linguistic groups in an effort to destroy African cultural traditions. The result was an African population that lost most of its African heritage and adopted a creolized variant of European culture. The dominance of Creolization, a colonial legacy, ignores the Caribbean multiethnic mosaic and endangers national unity, good governance, and political stability. Through a series of readings, this book argues that the Creolization is antithetical and challenging to nation building and results in cultural and working-class fragmentation, competition for national space, ranking, ethno-cultural categorization, racialization of consciousness, cultural imperialism, use of the 'political' race card, and ethnic dominance. This book acknowledges the need to create a framework for mutual cultural appreciation and institutionalization of all cultures in the pursuit of national unity in the Caribbean.

The new millennium juxtaposes different generations who were witnesses to the genesis of turmoil in Guyana. Since the year 1992, in which democracy returned to Guyana, opposition elements continue to be unreceptive to electoral defeats. The disinclination to concede electoral loss since 1992 has become a normative historical behavior in the Guyanese context. International observers have validated the four national elections in 1992, 1997, 2001, and 2006 as being free, fair, and transparent. Today, electoral defeat has a relationship with the infamous political/mass media/racial complex that constantly pursues the destabilization of the state and undermines nation-building. Essentially, this complex is a community of irrationality, engaging in a persistent dissemination of despair.This book focuses on politics, media, and race. The two main objectives of the work are: demonstrating the modus operandi and the dysfunctional consequences of this community of irrationality through the political/mass media/racial complex, and showing the rational behaviors that have held the society together since 1992. In the interest of building a strong nation, it may be useful to work toward a transformation of this community of irrationality to a community of rationality.

Ethics and Governance of AI in Healthcare discusses how ethical and human rights issues can be integrated into the transformational potential of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and automation in the fields of medicine and public health.Through a broad sociological lens, the book takes a critical perspective on the social implications of AI and related technologies. It begins by examining the huge impact that AI is already having on medicine and public health, before spotlighting the inequalities in the way AI is designed and deployed across different social groups, highlighting issues of class, race and gender, as well as power disparities in the roll-out of these technologies. The book then explores current ethical standards within healthcare settings, including technical and sociotechnical biases encoded into existing systems, before looking at a range of existing governmental approaches to AI regulation in medicine and healthcare. It concludes by suggesting a new sociological framework to ensure the governance of AI fully considers ethical and human rights issues in the future.Important and erudite, and including practical recommendations, this book will be essential reading for students and scholars across Public Health, Sociology, Health and Social Care, Medicine and Nursing, as well as practitioners and policy makers in these fields.

Ethics and Governance of AI in Healthcare discusses how ethical and human rights issues can be integrated into the transformational potential of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and automation in the fields of medicine and public health.Through a broad sociological lens, the book takes a critical perspective on the social implications of AI and related technologies. It begins by examining the huge impact that AI is already having on medicine and public health, before spotlighting the inequalities in the way AI is designed and deployed across different social groups, highlighting issues of class, race and gender, as well as power disparities in the roll-out of these technologies. The book then explores current ethical standards within healthcare settings, including technical and sociotechnical biases encoded into existing systems, before looking at a range of existing governmental approaches to AI regulation in medicine and healthcare. It concludes by suggesting a new sociological framework to ensure the governance of AI fully considers ethical and human rights issues in the future.Important and erudite, and including practical recommendations, this book will be essential reading for students and scholars across Public Health, Sociology, Health and Social Care, Medicine and Nursing, as well as practitioners and policy makers in these fields.

This book highlights and suggests remedies for the racial and ethnic health disparities confronting people of color amid COVID-19 in the United States. Racial and ethnic health disparities stem from social conditions, not from racial features, that are deeply grounded in systemic racism, operating through the White racial frame. Race and ethnicity are significant factors in any review of health inequity and health inequality. Hence, any realistic end to racial health disparities lies beyond the scope of the health system and health care. The book explores structuration theory, which examines the duality between agency and structure as a possibly potent pathway toward dismantling systemic racism, the White racial frame, and racialized social systems.In particular, the author examines COVID-19 with a focus on the segregated health system of the US. The US health system operates on the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’, whereby the dominant group has access to quality health care and people of color have access to a lesser quality or zero health care. ‘Separation’ implies and enforces inferiority in health care. Through the evidence presented, the author demonstrates that racial and ethnic health disparities are even worse than COVID-19. As in the past, this contagion, like other viruses, will dissipate at some point, but the disparities will persist if the US legislative and economic engines do nothing. The author also raises consciousness to demand a national commission of inquiry on the disproportionate devastation wreaked on people of color in the US amid COVID-19. COVID-19 may be the signature event and an opportunity to trigger action to end racial and ethnic health disparities. Topics covered within the chapters include:Introduction: Segregation of Health CareSystemic Racism and the White Racial FrameDismantling Systemic Racism and Structuration TheoryCOVID-19 and Health System Segregation in the US is a timely resource that should engage the academic community, economic and legislative policy makers, health system leaders, clinicians, and public policy administrators in departments of health. It also is a text that can be utilized in graduate programs in Medical Education, Global Public Health, Public Policy, Epidemiology, Race and Ethnic Relations, and Social Work.

This cross-sectional study used a purposive sample of 379 high school students from fifteen urban and rural high schools in Guyana and assessed their HIV and AIDS knowledge and stigma-related attitudes, and the relationships among gender, age, religion, and race/ethnicity and HIV and AIDS knowledge. Most of the high school students displayed an overall moderate level of HIV and AIDS knowledge. The students understood the modes of HIV transmission; they recognized the symptoms of HIV and AIDS; nearly half of them believed that a blood donor was at risk of contracting HIV; and about one-fifth of the students embraced myths and misconceptions surrounding HIV and AIDS.There was no statistically significant difference in the knowledge scores of male and female students. Knowledge scores, nevertheless, differed significantly between the 13 to 15 and 16 to 18 age groups, and among the religious and ethnic groups. Stigma-related attitude scores did not differ significantly for gender and age, but differed significantly for religion and ethnicity among students. The study showed fissures in HIV/AIDS knowledge and substantial stigma-related attitudes. Limited understanding of the myths and misconceptions of HIV and AIDS demands a new focus on how HIV is not transmitted through moving beyond conventional strategies toward a social constructivist approach.This book is essential reading for medical professionals, policymakers and educators throughout the Caribbean region.

This book focuses on subjugated indentured Indian women, who are constantly faced with race, gender, caste, and class oppression and inequality on overseas European-owned plantations, but who are also armed with latent links to the women’s abolition movements in the homeland. Also examining their post-indenture life, it employs a paradigm of male-dominated Indian women in India at the margins of an enduringly patriarchal society, a persisting backdrop to the huge 19th century post-slavery movement of the agricultural indentured workforce drawn largely from India.This book depicts the antithetical and contradictory explanations for the indentured Indian women’s cries, degradation and dehumanization and how the politics of change and control impacted their social organization and its legacy.The book owes its origins to the 2017 centennial commemorative event celebrating 100 years of the abolition of the indenture system of Indian labor that victimized and dehumanized Indians from 1834 through 1917.

This book focuses on subjugated indentured Indian women, who are constantly faced with race, gender, caste, and class oppression and inequality on overseas European-owned plantations, but who are also armed with latent links to the women’s abolition movements in the homeland. Also examining their post-indenture life, it employs a paradigm of male-dominated Indian women in India at the margins of an enduringly patriarchal society, a persisting backdrop to the huge 19th century post-slavery movement of the agricultural indentured workforce drawn largely from India.This book depicts the antithetical and contradictory explanations for the indentured Indian women’s cries, degradation and dehumanization and how the politics of change and control impacted their social organization and its legacy.The book owes its origins to the 2017 centennial commemorative event celebrating 100 years of the abolition of the indenture system of Indian labor that victimized and dehumanized Indians from 1834 through 1917.