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4 produkter
4 produkter
1 476 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
For decades, instabilities on world commodity markets have been a central issue in the international policy dialogue. Price stabilization and compensatory financing schemes have been discussed and implemented as instruments to stabilize export earnings of developing countries and to counter the negative consequences of world market instabilities.Originally published in 1993 and reissued in 2023, this book provides a quantitative analysis and evaluation of international commodity policies in the late 20th century. The authors investigate whether major international commodity policies have reached their primary objectives and to what extent they have had economic side effects. After reviews of the history and politics of international commodity policy, the authors deal with three important compensatory financing schemes: the Compensatory Financing Facility (CFF) of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the STABEX scheme of the EC-ACP Convention of Lomé, and the Cereal Import Facility introduced as an extension of the IMF’s CFF. Three commodity agreements, i.e. the International Coffee Agreement, the International Natural Rubber Agreement, and the International Cocoa Agreements, are then covered as are the commodity protocols for sugar and beef laid down in the Convention of Lomé. In a final section, the stabilization policies are compared and evaluated. The authors apply an ex-post approach when analyzing major commodity agreements and compensatory financing schemes. The measured impacts differ from those of ex-ante approaches based on models of a functioning price or earnings stabilization. A major reason is that existing policies were not strictly targeted at stabilization but contained strong redistributive elements as well. As a consequence, both compensatory financing and commodity agreements had only limited success in terms of stabilization, but individual exporting countries gained strongly from grant elements in compensation payments or from price-support elements in commodity arrangements. The book identifies the effectiveness of the implemented commodity policies from an international point of view as well as national interests in those policies.Nearly 30 years later, volatile world commodity markets are still a major issue in the policy dialogue. Although topics, policy instruments and concepts have changed, this book remains a fundamental contribution to the study of international commodity policy. It will be of great interest to students of commodity policy and economic development and economists in national and international organizations dealing with market stabilization.
455 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
For decades, instabilities on world commodity markets have been a central issue in the international policy dialogue. Price stabilization and compensatory financing schemes have been discussed and implemented as instruments to stabilize export earnings of developing countries and to counter the negative consequences of world market instabilities.Originally published in 1993 and reissued in 2023, this book provides a quantitative analysis and evaluation of international commodity policies in the late 20th century. The authors investigate whether major international commodity policies have reached their primary objectives and to what extent they have had economic side effects. After reviews of the history and politics of international commodity policy, the authors deal with three important compensatory financing schemes: the Compensatory Financing Facility (CFF) of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the STABEX scheme of the EC-ACP Convention of Lomé, and the Cereal Import Facility introduced as an extension of the IMF’s CFF. Three commodity agreements, i.e. the International Coffee Agreement, the International Natural Rubber Agreement, and the International Cocoa Agreements, are then covered as are the commodity protocols for sugar and beef laid down in the Convention of Lomé. In a final section, the stabilization policies are compared and evaluated. The authors apply an ex-post approach when analyzing major commodity agreements and compensatory financing schemes. The measured impacts differ from those of ex-ante approaches based on models of a functioning price or earnings stabilization. A major reason is that existing policies were not strictly targeted at stabilization but contained strong redistributive elements as well. As a consequence, both compensatory financing and commodity agreements had only limited success in terms of stabilization, but individual exporting countries gained strongly from grant elements in compensation payments or from price-support elements in commodity arrangements. The book identifies the effectiveness of the implemented commodity policies from an international point of view as well as national interests in those policies.Nearly 30 years later, volatile world commodity markets are still a major issue in the policy dialogue. Although topics, policy instruments and concepts have changed, this book remains a fundamental contribution to the study of international commodity policy. It will be of great interest to students of commodity policy and economic development and economists in national and international organizations dealing with market stabilization.
Del 8 - Schriften Zur Internationalen Entwicklungs- Und Umweltforsch
Qualitaet Von Nahrungsmitteln
Grundkonzepte, Kriterien, Handlungsmoeglichkeiten
Häftad, Tyska, 2004
600 kr
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500 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
1. Prinzip der Methode und Begriffsbestimmung Bringt man in eine Bunsenflamme gewisse Metallsalze, z. B. Kochsalz, so verursacht die verdampfende Substanz in der Flamme ein deutliches, im gewählten Beispiel intensiv gelbes Leuchten. Andere Salze geben der Flamme andere Farben, z. B. färben die Salze von Strontium und Lithium die Flamme karminrot, von Calcium ziegelrot, von Barium gelbgrün, von Kupfer smaragdgrün, von Kalium blauviolett, von Arsen, Antimon und Blei fahlblau bis fahlgrün usw. Diese Flammenfarben sind charakteristisch für gewisse Kationen~ mitunter auch für gewisse Verbindungen wie CuOH. Man verwendet diese Leuchterscheinungen daher oft als Hilfsmittel bei qualitativen chemischen Analysen. Beim gleich zeitigen Einbringen von mehreren Metallsalzen versagen allerdings diese einfachen Methoden, weil das Auge das Gemisch mehrerer Farben nicht trennen kann. Mitunter liegen auch die charakteristischen "Farben" in einem Spektralbereich, in dem das Auge nicht mehr empfindlich ist. Betrachtet man nun das von einer mehrfach gefärbten Flamme ausgehende Mischlicht im Spektroskop, so sieht man ganz bestimmte, für die einzelnen Elemente bzw. Verbindungen charakteristische Spektrallinien bzw. Banden (Anhäufung von Linien s. unten). Anhand von Spektrallinientafeln oder Tabellen kann man einige qualitative Aussagen über die Zusammensetzung der in die Flamme hineingebrachten Stoffe machen. Über diese genügend bekannten quali tativen Verfahren soll hier nicht weiter gesprochen werden. Sorgt man nun durch geeignete Maßnahmen dafür, daß die Flamme über längere Zeit konstant brennt, und daß die Substanzzufuhr zur Flamme ebenfalls konstant bleibt, so ist die Intensität dieser beobachteten Spektrallinien bzw. Banden, der zum Leuchten gebrachten Elementeein Maß für deren Konzentration.