FIGURE 1.1. BP group annual total air emissions by pollutant 1999–2004 (See Color Plates). FIGURE 1.2. BP group annual total air emissions* by business 1999–2004 (See Color Plates). evaporate. In addition, gas can be released from operations through contr- led process vents for safety protection. Further safety devices, such as flares, are used to burn excess hydrocarbons in the industry, but can allow a small proportion of hydrocarbon into the atmosphere without being burnt. Ind- try contains and controls these emissions wherever possible to minimize any loss of hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbon vapours, often described as volatile organic compounds or VOCs, are potentially harmful air pollutants, which can result in local health impacts as well as local or regional contributions to the formation of low-level ozone; which in turn, may also impact human health. Controlling hydrocarbon loss helps prevent impact on air quality and is also economically beneficial. 4 A. Ahnell and H. O’Leary In 2004, BP emitted 245 kilo-tonnes of non-methane hydrocarbons to air, a decrease of 24 kilo-tonnes (9%) compared with 2003. The largest prop- tion of these emissions came from the exploration and production businesses (44%), followed by refining and marketing (R&M) (35%). Combining methane and non-methane hydrocarbon totals provides a better idea of where most of the hydrocarbon emissions come from within the ind- try sectors. In BP’s case, the exploration and production activities account for 67% of the total volume of such hydrocarbons emitted to air in 2004.

This significantly updated edition looks at each stage in the life cycle of petroleum products, from exploration to end use, examining the environmental pressures on the oil industry and its response. Technical developments are progressing in line with environmental concerns and increasing sophistication of computer modelling techniques. These subjects are interrelated, but have often been dealt with independently. This book explores these topics together in a way that is understandable to the non-expert, and those who are expert in one field, but wish to see their expertise discussed in the overall context. Written primarily for those working in the oil and related industries, this book also provides essential reference material for government and research institutions and all those with an interest in environmental technological issues.

FIGURE 1.1. BP group annual total air emissions by pollutant 1999–2004 (See Color Plates). FIGURE 1.2. BP group annual total air emissions* by business 1999–2004 (See Color Plates). evaporate. In addition, gas can be released from operations through contr- led process vents for safety protection. Further safety devices, such as flares, are used to burn excess hydrocarbons in the industry, but can allow a small proportion of hydrocarbon into the atmosphere without being burnt. Ind- try contains and controls these emissions wherever possible to minimize any loss of hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbon vapours, often described as volatile organic compounds or VOCs, are potentially harmful air pollutants, which can result in local health impacts as well as local or regional contributions to the formation of low-level ozone; which in turn, may also impact human health. Controlling hydrocarbon loss helps prevent impact on air quality and is also economically beneficial. 4 A. Ahnell and H. O’Leary In 2004, BP emitted 245 kilo-tonnes of non-methane hydrocarbons to air, a decrease of 24 kilo-tonnes (9%) compared with 2003. The largest prop- tion of these emissions came from the exploration and production businesses (44%), followed by refining and marketing (R&M) (35%). Combining methane and non-methane hydrocarbon totals provides a better idea of where most of the hydrocarbon emissions come from within the ind- try sectors. In BP’s case, the exploration and production activities account for 67% of the total volume of such hydrocarbons emitted to air in 2004.

The use of lubricants began in ancient times and has developed into a major international business through the need to lubricate machines of increasing complexity. The impetus for lubricant development has arisen from need, so lubricating practice has preceded an understanding of the scientific principles. This is not surprising as the scientific basis of the technology is, by nature, highly complex and interdisciplinary. However, we believe that the understanding of lubricant phenomena will continue to be developed at a molecular level to meet future challenges. These challenges will include the control of emissions from internal combustion engines, the reduction of friction and wear in and continuing improvements to lubricant performance and machinery, life-time. More recently, there has been an increased understanding of the chemical aspects of lubrication, which has complemented the knowledge and understanding gained through studies dealing with physics and engineering. This book aims to bring together this chemical information and present it in a practical way. It is written by chemists who are authorities in the various specialisations within the lubricating industry, and is intended to be of interest to chemists who may already be working in the lubricating industry or in academia, and who are seeking a chemist''s view of lubrication. It will also be of benefit to engineers and technologists familiar with the industry who require a more fundamental understanding of lubricants.

FIGURE 1.1. BP group annual total air emissions by pollutant 1999–2004 (See Color Plates). FIGURE 1.2. BP group annual total air emissions* by business 1999–2004 (See Color Plates). evaporate. In addition, gas can be released from operations through contr- led process vents for safety protection. Further safety devices, such as flares, are used to burn excess hydrocarbons in the industry, but can allow a small proportion of hydrocarbon into the atmosphere without being burnt. Ind- try contains and controls these emissions wherever possible to minimize any loss of hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbon vapours, often described as volatile organic compounds or VOCs, are potentially harmful air pollutants, which can result in local health impacts as well as local or regional contributions to the formation of low-level ozone; which in turn, may also impact human health. Controlling hydrocarbon loss helps prevent impact on air quality and is also economically beneficial. 4 A. Ahnell and H. O’Leary In 2004, BP emitted 245 kilo-tonnes of non-methane hydrocarbons to air, a decrease of 24 kilo-tonnes (9%) compared with 2003. The largest prop- tion of these emissions came from the exploration and production businesses (44%), followed by refining and marketing (R&M) (35%). Combining methane and non-methane hydrocarbon totals provides a better idea of where most of the hydrocarbon emissions come from within the ind- try sectors. In BP’s case, the exploration and production activities account for 67% of the total volume of such hydrocarbons emitted to air in 2004.

This significantly updated edition looks at each stage in the life cycle of petroleum products, from exploration to end use, examining the environmental pressures on the oil industry and its response. Technical developments are progressing in line with environmental concerns and increasing sophistication of computer modelling techniques. These subjects are interrelated, but have often been dealt with independently. This book explores these topics together in a way that is understandable to the non-expert, and those who are expert in one field, but wish to see their expertise discussed in the overall context. Written primarily for those working in the oil and related industries, this book also provides essential reference material for government and research institutions and all those with an interest in environmental technological issues.

FIGURE 1.1. BP group annual total air emissions by pollutant 1999–2004 (See Color Plates). FIGURE 1.2. BP group annual total air emissions* by business 1999–2004 (See Color Plates). evaporate. In addition, gas can be released from operations through contr- led process vents for safety protection. Further safety devices, such as flares, are used to burn excess hydrocarbons in the industry, but can allow a small proportion of hydrocarbon into the atmosphere without being burnt. Ind- try contains and controls these emissions wherever possible to minimize any loss of hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbon vapours, often described as volatile organic compounds or VOCs, are potentially harmful air pollutants, which can result in local health impacts as well as local or regional contributions to the formation of low-level ozone; which in turn, may also impact human health. Controlling hydrocarbon loss helps prevent impact on air quality and is also economically beneficial. 4 A. Ahnell and H. O’Leary In 2004, BP emitted 245 kilo-tonnes of non-methane hydrocarbons to air, a decrease of 24 kilo-tonnes (9%) compared with 2003. The largest prop- tion of these emissions came from the exploration and production businesses (44%), followed by refining and marketing (R&M) (35%). Combining methane and non-methane hydrocarbon totals provides a better idea of where most of the hydrocarbon emissions come from within the ind- try sectors. In BP’s case, the exploration and production activities account for 67% of the total volume of such hydrocarbons emitted to air in 2004.

The use of lubricants began in ancient times and has developed into a major international business through the need to lubricate machines of increasing complexity. The impetus for lubricant development has arisen from need, so lubricating practice has preceded an understanding of the scientific principles. This is not surprising as the scientific basis of the technology is, by nature, highly complex and interdisciplinary. However, we believe that the understanding of lubricant phenomena will continue to be developed at a molecular level to meet future challenges. These challenges will include the control of emissions from internal combustion engines, the reduction of friction and wear in and continuing improvements to lubricant performance and machinery, life-time. More recently, there has been an increased understanding of the chemical aspects of lubrication, which has complemented the knowledge and understanding gained through studies dealing with physics and engineering. This book aims to bring together this chemical information and present it in a practical way. It is written by chemists who are authorities in the various specialisations within the lubricating industry, and is intended to be of interest to chemists who may already be working in the lubricating industry or in academia, and who are seeking a chemist''s view of lubrication. It will also be of benefit to engineers and technologists familiar with the industry who require a more fundamental understanding of lubricants.