Developments in Fullerene Science - Böcker

The serendipitous discovery of the fullerenes by Kroto, Curl and Smalley in 1985, and the isolation and characterization of C60 by Kratschmer and Huffman in 1990 has caused an epidemic of research in this field. As a result, basic research on fullerenes has generated new knowledge as published in thousands of journal papers. The nuclear and radiation approaches, however, have been somewhat neglected in books dedicated to fullerene sciences, although these approaches have generated very interesting knowledge on the structure and composition of these new all-carbon molecules. This monograph intends to bridge this gap by dealing with the various aspects of nuclear sciences as applied to the generation of new knowledge in fullerene sciences. Ten chapters appear in this volume and were chosen to present a panoramic view and to provide theoretical perspectives, research methods, and experimental results on the topic. This book should serve both as an introduction to the subfield and as an aid to setting an agenda for scientists interested in this area of research. This is the first volume in a series devoted to the developments in fullerene science.

The discovery of fullerenes has opened novel opportunities for radical chemistry. The fullerenyl radical adducts formed via addition of atoms or free radicals to fullerenes have no analogs in organic chemistry. Thus, the elucidation of the characteristic features of fullerenyl radicals and their reactivity by EPR spectroscopy is of fundamental importance. Isolation of the products from homolytic reactions of fullerenes in bulk amounts opens the door to large-scale preparation of new organic and organoelement derivatives of C60, including biologically active ones. Radical reactions of fullerenes find wide application in the synthesis of fullerene-containing polymers with valuable photophysical characteristics. Ferromagnetism of the complex of C60 with tetra(dimethylamino)ethylene lends impetus to a search for novel methods for preparation of biradicals, with one unpaired electron located on the fullerene cage and the other retained by the addend. This book covers the results of studies on homolytic reactions of fullerenes, the structures and reactivities of fullerenyl radicals performed by EPR, quantum-chemical, and other methods.Examples of the application of radical reactions of fullerenes in the synthesis and typical methods for their investigation are given.

Endofullerenes have long attracted special interest as new spherical molecules with novel properties. This book, edited and written by an outstanding team of experts, aims to review the current research work on endofullerenes (endohedrally doped fullerenes). The book is based on a classification according to atom(s) encapsulated into fullerene. This allows an in-depth treatment of the characteristics of each class of endofullerene. The wide-range scientific community of chemistry, physics, material science and so forth will welcome this book as a valuable source of a new family of fullerenes, endofullerenes for developing their future science. Structural, electronic, and dynamical properties of endofullerenes such as He@C60, Li@C60, N@C60, La@C82, La2@C80, and Sc3N@C80 are described which have been experimentally and theoretically investigated using a wide variety of methods. Experts in these areas of research, students and researchers will find in this book through and rigorous discussion on these topics. In general, the emphasis is on the experimental scope and the theoretical aspects of various endofullerenes.By presenting and comparing data from different sources, experiments and theory, the book helps the reader to rapidly master the basic knowledge, to grasp important issues, and critically discuss them.

Fullerenes: From Synthesis to Optoelectronic Properties covers a host of topics in organic synthesis, photo- / radiation-chemistry, electron donor-acceptor interaction, supramolecular chemistry, and photovoltaics. The book reviews the state-of-the-art discoveries in these areas of "Fullerene Research" and presents selected examples to prove the potential of fullerenes as multifunctional moieties in well-ordered multicomponent composites. Fullerenes: From Synthesis to Optoelectronic Properties appeals to upper-level undergraduates, graduates, researchers, and professionals in the fields of condensed matter physicists; materials scientists; electrochemists; biochemists; solid-state, physical, organic, inorganic, and theoretical chemists; chemical, electrical, and optical engineers.

Fullerene Collision Reactions provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art of fullerene collision studies. The book begins with introductory chapters that provide the necessary background in experimental and theoretical techniques. This is followed by experimental results and theoretical calculations covering the wide range of available gas-phase fullerene collision experiments. Emphasis is placed on gas-phase molecular beam experiments where reaction, fragmentation and charge transfer cross sections have been determined covering collision energy ranges from thermal to MeV. Atomic, ionic, electronic, cluster and surface collisions involving fullerenes are covered in depth accompanied by a clear presentation of the most commonly applied experimental and theoretical techniques. This book will be an invaluable resource for senior undergraduate students, graduate students and researchers working in the field.

Observational, experimental and analytical data show that C60, larger fullerenes, and related structures of elemental carbon exist in interstellar space, meteorites, and on Earth and are associated with meteorite in impact events and in carbon-rich environments such as coals (shungite) and bitumen. The existence of natural fullerenes is at best contested and incompletely documented; realistically it is still controversial. Their presence in astronomical environments can be experimentally constrained but observationally they remain elusive. Fullerenes formation in planetary environments is poorly understood. They survived for giga-years when the environmental conditions were exactly right but even then only a fraction of their original abundance survived. Natural fullerenes and related carbon structures are found in interstellar space, in carbonaceous meteorites associated with giant meteorite impacts (including at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary) as well as in soot, coal and natural bitumen. This book provides an up-to-date summary of the state of knowledge on natural fullerenes occurrences and the laboratory techniques used to determine their presence at low concentration in rock samples. It demonstrates that natural fullerenes exist and should be searched for in places not yet considered such as carbon-containing deep-seated crustal rocks. Natural Fullerenes and Related Structures of Elemental Carbon is written for professional astronomers, meteoriticists, earth and planetary scientists, biologists and chemists interested in carbon and hydrocarbon vapor condensation. It is an invaluable resource for practicing research scientists and science teachers in Earth and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Carbon Science.

In Periodic Nanostructures, the authors demonstrate that structural periodicity in various nanostructures has been proven experimentally. The text covers the coalescence reactions, studied by electronic microscopy, and shows that the nanoworld is continuous, giving rise to zero- (fullerenes), one- (tubules), two-(graphite) and three-(diamond, spongy carbon) dimensional carbon allotropes.The authors explore foam-like carbon structures, which relate to ‘schwarzites’, and which represent infinite periodic minimal surfaces of negative curvature. They show that these structures contain polygons (with dimensions larger than hexagons w.r.t. to graphite) that induce this negative curvature. The units of these structures appear as nanotube junctions (produced via an electron beam) that have wide potential molecular electronics applications. Self-assembled supramolecular structures (of various tessellation) and diamond architectures are also proposed. The authors propose that the periodicity of close repeat units of such structures is most evident not only in these formations but also present in all of the carbon allotropes. It is also shown that depending on the lattice tessellation, heteroatom type, and/or doping, metal nanostructures (nanotubes in particular) can display both metallic and semiconductor characteristics. Therefore, their properties can be manipulated by chemical functionalization. The authors therefore suggest that nanostructures have heralded a new generation of nanoscale biological, chemical, and physical devices.The text also provides literature and data on the field of nanostructure periodicity and the authors’ own results on nanostructure building and energy calculations as well as topological characterization by means of counting polynomials of periodic nanostructures. The aromaticity of various coverings of graphitic structures is also discussed.This book is aimed at scientists working in the field ofnanoscience and nanotechnology, Ph.D. and MSc. degree students, and others interested in the amazing nanoarchitectures that could inspire the cities of the future.

The serendipitous discovery of the fullerenes by Kroto, Curl and Smalley in 1985, and the isolation and characterization of C60 by Kratschmer and Huffman in 1990 has caused an epidemic of research in this field. As a result, basic research on fullerenes has generated new knowledge as published in thousands of journal papers. The nuclear and radiation approaches, however, have been somewhat neglected in books dedicated to fullerene sciences, although these approaches have generated very interesting knowledge on the structure and composition of these new all-carbon molecules. This monograph intends to bridge this gap by dealing with the various aspects of nuclear sciences as applied to the generation of new knowledge in fullerene sciences. Ten chapters appear in this volume and were chosen to present a panoramic view and to provide theoretical perspectives, research methods, and experimental results on the topic. This book will serve both as an introduction to the subfield and as an aid to setting an agenda for scientists interested in this area of research. This is the first volume in a new series devoted to the developments in fullerene science.

The discovery of fullerenes has opened novel opportunities for radical chemistry. The fullerenyl radical adducts formed via addition of atoms or free radicals to fullerenes have no analogs in organic chemistry. Thus, the elucidation of the characteristic features of fullerenyl radicals and their reactivity by EPR spectroscopy is of fundamental importance. Isolation of the products from homolytic reactions of fullerenes in bulk amounts opens the door to large-scale preparation of new organic and organoelement derivatives of C60, including biologically active ones. Radical reactions of fullerenes find wide application in the synthesis of fullerene-containing polymers with valuable photophysical characteristics. Ferromagnetism of the complex of C60 with tetra(dimethylamino)ethylene lends impetus to a search for novel methods for preparation of biradicals, with one unpaired electron located on the fullerene cage and the other retained by the addend. This book covers the results of studies on homolytic reactions of fullerenes, the structures and reactivities of fullerenyl radicals performed by EPR, quantum-chemical, and other methods.Examples of the application of radical reactions of fullerenes in the synthesis and typical methods for their investigation are given. This book is intended for researchers working in chemistry of homolytic reactions as well as for fullerene scientists.

This book, edited and written by an outstanding team of experts, aims to review the current research work on endofullerenes (endohedrally doped fullerenes). The book is based on a classification according to atom(s) encapsulated into fullerene. This allows an in-depth treatment of the characteristics of each class of endofullerene. The wide-range scientific community of chemistry, physics, material science and so forth will welcome this book as a valuable source of a new family of fullerenes, endofullerenes for developing their future science. Structural, electronic, and dynamical properties of endofullerenes such as He@C60, Li@C60, N@C60, La@C82, La2@C80, and Sc3N@C80 are described which have been experimentally and theoretically investigated using a wide variety of methods. In general, the emphasis is on the experimental scope and the theoretical aspects of various endofullerenes. By presenting and comparing data from different sources, experiments and theory, the book helps the reader to rapidly master the basic knowledge, to grasp important issues, and critically discuss them.

Fullerenes: From Synthesis to Optoelectronic Properties covers a host of topics in organic synthesis, photo- / radiation-chemistry, electron donor-acceptor interaction, supramolecular chemistry, and photovoltaics. The book reviews the state-of-the-art discoveries in these areas of "Fullerene Research" and presents selected examples to prove the potential of fullerenes as multifunctional moieties in well-ordered multicomponent composites. Fullerenes: From Synthesis to Optoelectronic Properties appeals to upper-level undergraduates, graduates, researchers, and professionals in the fields of condensed matter physicists; materials scientists; electrochemists; biochemists; solid-state, physical, organic, inorganic, and theoretical chemists; chemical, electrical, and optical engineers.

Fullerene Collision Reactions provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art of fullerene collision studies. The book begins with introductory chapters that provide the necessary background in experimental and theoretical techniques. This is followed by experimental results and theoretical calculations covering the wide range of available gas-phase fullerene collision experiments. Emphasis is placed on gas-phase molecular beam experiments where reaction, fragmentation and charge transfer cross sections have been determined covering collision energy ranges from thermal to MeV. Atomic, ionic, electronic, cluster and surface collisions involving fullerenes are covered in depth accompanied by a clear presentation of the most commonly applied experimental and theoretical techniques. This book will be an invaluable resource for senior undergraduate students, graduate students and researchers working in the field.

Natural Fullerenes and Related Structures of Elemental Carbon Frans J.M. Rietmeijer (Editor) A volume in the Developments in Fullerene Science series. Observational, experimental and analytical data overwhelmingly show that C60, larger fullerenes and related structures of elemental carbon exist in interstellar space, meteorites and on Earth associated with meteorite in impact events and in carbon-rich environments such as coals (shungite) and bitumen. The existence of natural fullerene is at best contested and incompletely documented; realistically it is still controversial. Their presence in astronomical environments can be experimentally constrained but observationally they remain elusive. Fullerene formation in planetary environments is poorly understood but they survived for giga-years when the environmental conditions were exactly right. However, even then only a fraction of their original abundance survived. Natural fullerenes and related carbon structures are found in interstellar space, carbonaceous meteorites, associated with giant meteorite impacts, including at the famous Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, in soot, coal and natural bitumen.This book provides an up-to-date summary of the state of knowledge on natural fullerene occurrences and the laboratory techniques used to determine their presence at low concentration in rock samples. The book demonstrates that natural fullerenes exist and should be searched for in places not yet considered such as carbon-containing deep-seated crustal rocks. This book is written for professional astronomers, meteoriticists, earth and planetary scientists, biologists and chemists interested in carbon and hydrocarbon vapor condensation. It is an an invaluable resource for practicing research scientists and science teachers in Earth and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Carbon Science. Natural Fullerenes and Related Structures of Elemental Carbon Frans J.M. Rietmeijer (Editor) A volume in the Developments in Fullerene Science series. [See other volumes to see if the series is mentioned here...it should be!]Observational, experimental and analytical data overwhelmingly show that C60, larger fullerenes and related structures of elemental carbon exist in interstellar space, meteorites and on Earth associated with meteorite in impact events and in carbon-rich environments such as coals (shungite) and bitumen. The existence of natural fullerene is at best contested and incompletely documented; realistically it is still controversial. Their presence in astronomical environments can be experimentally constrained but observationally they remain elusive. Fullerene formation in planetary environments is poorly understood but they survived for giga-years when the environmental conditions were exactly right. However, even then only a fraction of their original abundance survived. Natural fullerenes and related carbon structures are found in interstellar space, carbonaceous meteorites, associated with giant meteorite impacts, including at the famous Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, in soot, coal and natural bitumen.This book provides an up-to-date summary of the state of knowledge on natural fullerene occurrences and the laboratory techniques used to determine their presence at low concentration in rock samples. The book demonstrates that natural fullerenes exist and should be searched for in places not yet considered such as carbon-containing deep-seated crustal rocks. This book is written for professional astronomers, meteoriticists, earth and planetary scientists, biologists and chemists interested in carbon and hydrocarbon vapor condensation. It is an an invaluable resource for practicing research scientists and science teachers in Earth and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Carbon Science.