Tibor Braun – författare

First Published in 1987, this book offers a full, comprehensive guide into the Literature on Analytical Chemistry. Carefully compiled and filled with a vast repertoire of journals, Papers, and References this book serves as a useful reference for Students of Chemistry, and other practitioners in their respective fields.

First Published in 1987, this book offers a full, comprehensive guide into the Literature on Analytical Chemistry. Carefully compiled and filled with a vast repertoire of journals, Papers, and References this book serves as a useful reference for Students of Chemistry, and other practitioners in their respective fields.

The serendipitous discovery of the fullerenes by Kroto, Curl and Smalley in 1985, and the isolation and characterization of C60 by Kratschmer and Huffman in 1990 has caused an epidemic of research in this field. As a result, basic research on fullerenes has generated new knowledge as published in thousands of journal papers. The nuclear and radiation approaches, however, have been somewhat neglected in books dedicated to fullerene sciences, although these approaches have generated very interesting knowledge on the structure and composition of these new all-carbon molecules. This monograph intends to bridge this gap by dealing with the various aspects of nuclear sciences as applied to the generation of new knowledge in fullerene sciences. Ten chapters appear in this volume and were chosen to present a panoramic view and to provide theoretical perspectives, research methods, and experimental results on the topic. This book should serve both as an introduction to the subfield and as an aid to setting an agenda for scientists interested in this area of research. This is the first volume in a series devoted to the developments in fullerene science.

The purpose of this book is to present in a monographic and systematised form a review of all the literature devoted to polyurethane-based polymeric sorbents in separation chemistry. The primary types of sorbents dealt with are polyurethane foams and open-pore polyurethanes. The structure of the monograph follows this dichotomy. A book of this nature should stimulate thinking and incite its reader to consult the original literature. It will, however, not make such a consultation superfluous. A fair amount of the results described in this monograph constitute the main activity of investigation which took place in the authors laboratories during the past decade.

The purpose of this book is to present in a monographic and systematised form a review of all the literature devoted to polyurethane-based polymeric sorbents in separation chemistry. The primary types of sorbents dealt with are polyurethane foams and open-pore polyurethanes. The structure of the monograph follows this dichotomy. A book of this nature should stimulate thinking and incite its reader to consult the original literature. It will, however, not make such a consultation superfluous. A fair amount of the results described in this monograph constitute the main activity of investigation which took place in the authors laboratories during the past decade.

The purpose of this book is to present in a monographic and systematised form a review of all the literature devoted to polyurethane-based polymeric sorbents in separation chemistry. The primary types of sorbents dealt with are polyurethane foams and open-pore polyurethanes. The structure of the monograph follows this dichotomy. A book of this nature should stimulate thinking and incite its reader to consult the original literature. It will, however, not make such a consultation superfluous. A fair amount of the results described in this monograph constitute the main activity of investigation which took place in the authors laboratories during the past decade.

Preface by Sir Harold W. Kroto, FRS Although the discovery of C60 is now almost 15 years old and the extraction occurred 60 nearly ten years ago it is amazing that the range of spin-off research still seems to expand without limits. The birth of the Fullerenes has spawned fascinating research programmes in almost every area of chemistry and physics and this monograph explores a particularly interesting and important area - the behaviour of these pure carbon cages in the presence of high-energy radiation. The C molecules must also be in the space 60 between the stars (albeit in quantities too small to detect at this time) as the conditions in the atmospheres of some carbon stars appear to be almost identical to the plasmas generated in the Kratschmer-Huffman system for making C60. The conditions in space 60 are very varied as it is pervaded by a plethora of high-energy particles (photons, cosmic rays, etc.) and the chapters in this book discuss, among other things, the response of C60 and various derivatives to probing by a range of high-energy particles. Various fullerenes and fullerene salts have been examined by positron annihilation techniques, revealing details of their electronic and structural properties as well as phase transition behaviour. Muons have been implanted to enable mSR techniques to probe with high sensitivity the endohedral electronic structures of fullerenes including those in superconducting systems.Mossbauer spectroscopy can give valuable information about the interactions in certain types of organometallic complexes and in particular it can reveal the degree of charge transfer in endohedral species. Nuclear irradiation/radiochemical analytical techniques have been applied resulting in information ranging widely from the stability of the fullerene cage containing endohedral metal atoms in various oxidation states to pharmaceutical studies of the distribution of fullerenes in the internal organs ofanimals. Time resolved pulsed radio lysis provides information at high sensitivity enabling micromolar concentrations to be probed e.g. C60 in water in which it is almost insoluble! Redox and rate constant measurements have given useful information on photolytically generated radical ion pairs involving a variety of fullerenes. Interesting accounts of observations involving the production of rare gas endohedral species by nuclear recoil have revealed information about the recoil mechanism. From the first moment of its discovery the unique cage structure of C60 initiated thoughts about the interesting possibility of encapsulation of atoms and molecules. One possibility that immediately suggested itself was the isolation of chemically toxic radionuclides by encapsulation in the (supposedly chemically innocuous) cage for pharmaceutical purposes. The possibility of creating cages carrying a radioactive atom inside the cage and moieties outside with molecularrecognition capabilities is a most exciting prospect and discussion is included of some important first steps aimed at achieving this fascinating breakthrough. Another problem dealt with in this monograph is the effect of elemental impurities which has, as our studies progress, become more and more a matter of concern and interest. Impurities can have important effects on the observed physical and chemical behaviour of fullerenes, especially when very sensitive probe techniques are applied. This valuable book reviews some detailed studies of fundamental properties of fullerenes, which are leading to a deeper understanding of their behaviour in the presence of high energy radiation. The information obtained already and that which will be garnered in future studies of the kind described here is an absolutely necessary prerequisite for success in applications.

Preface by Sir Harold W. Kroto, FRS Although the discovery of C60 is now almost 15 years old and the extraction occurred 60 nearly ten years ago it is amazing that the range of spin-off research still seems to expand without limits. The birth of the Fullerenes has spawned fascinating research programmes in almost every area of chemistry and physics and this monograph explores a particularly interesting and important area - the behaviour of these pure carbon cages in the presence of high-energy radiation. The C molecules must also be in the space 60 between the stars (albeit in quantities too small to detect at this time) as the conditions in the atmospheres of some carbon stars appear to be almost identical to the plasmas generated in the Kratschmer-Huffman system for making C60. The conditions in space 60 are very varied as it is pervaded by a plethora of high-energy particles (photons, cosmic rays, etc.) and the chapters in this book discuss, among other things, the response of C60 and various derivatives to probing by a range of high-energy particles. Various fullerenes and fullerene salts have been examined by positron annihilation techniques, revealing details of their electronic and structural properties as well as phase transition behaviour. Muons have been implanted to enable mSR techniques to probe with high sensitivity the endohedral electronic structures of fullerenes including those in superconducting systems.Mossbauer spectroscopy can give valuable information about the interactions in certain types of organometallic complexes and in particular it can reveal the degree of charge transfer in endohedral species. Nuclear irradiation/radiochemical analytical techniques have been applied resulting in information ranging widely from the stability of the fullerene cage containing endohedral metal atoms in various oxidation states to pharmaceutical studies of the distribution of fullerenes in the internal organs ofanimals. Time resolved pulsed radio lysis provides information at high sensitivity enabling micromolar concentrations to be probed e.g. C60 in water in which it is almost insoluble! Redox and rate constant measurements have given useful information on photolytically generated radical ion pairs involving a variety of fullerenes. Interesting accounts of observations involving the production of rare gas endohedral species by nuclear recoil have revealed information about the recoil mechanism. From the first moment of its discovery the unique cage structure of C60 initiated thoughts about the interesting possibility of encapsulation of atoms and molecules. One possibility that immediately suggested itself was the isolation of chemically toxic radionuclides by encapsulation in the (supposedly chemically innocuous) cage for pharmaceutical purposes. The possibility of creating cages carrying a radioactive atom inside the cage and moieties outside with molecularrecognition capabilities is a most exciting prospect and discussion is included of some important first steps aimed at achieving this fascinating breakthrough. Another problem dealt with in this monograph is the effect of elemental impurities which has, as our studies progress, become more and more a matter of concern and interest. Impurities can have important effects on the observed physical and chemical behaviour of fullerenes, especially when very sensitive probe techniques are applied. This valuable book reviews some detailed studies of fundamental properties of fullerenes, which are leading to a deeper understanding of their behaviour in the presence of high energy radiation. The information obtained already and that which will be garnered in future studies of the kind described here is an absolutely necessary prerequisite for success in applications.