New Perspectives in Clinical Microbiology – serie
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Proceedings of the 18th Joint Conference on Cholera
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It goes almost without saying that there has been a marked increase in the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases throughout the world in the past two to three decades. Indeed, despite the progress that has been made in methods of diagnosis and treatment, the sexually transmitted diseases as a whole are the most common communicable diseases and as such constitute an important health problem. The increase in incidence may be accounted for by changes in sexual behaviour, the introduction of contraceptives and the increasing mobility of the population. In addition, during the same time period, the number of infectious agents recognized as being sexually transmitted has increased considerably. These include Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus and hepatitis B virus. Indeed, some are as dependent on sexual transmission as the agents which cause the traditional venereal diseases and collectively they cause morbidity which has out-stripped that caused by gonorrhoea and syphilis. It could almost be said that to know the sexually transmitted diseases is to know micro biology. However, the approach taken in this book has not been to consider individual infectious agents and evaluate what they do and do not cause but to consider clinical conditions and what might be responsible for them. To cover the complete spectrum of the sexually transmitted diseases in a comprehensive way now takes a text book of massive proportion.
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The International Symposium on Frontiers in Microbiology has been de dicated to Prof. P. De Somer, whom I succeeded shortly after his death on 17 June 1985 as Rector of this now more than 560-year old University. When Prof. De Somer became the head of the University he started to remodel it, giving our old Alma Mater a more transparent administrative structure, strengthening its scientific and cultural autonomy, and establishing close links with the most prestigious national and foreign institutions. This made De Somer to one of the greatest, if not the greatest, of rectors in the history of Belgian Universities. He was a great leader, a perfect organizer, a clever negotiator, and a brilliant orator. In his speeches one immediately sensed his intuitive cognition and witty evaluation of the values of life. He knew perfectly well how to persuade the unwilling and to disenchant the illusionist. Sometimes a visionary himself, he would not pursue his ideas unless there was a chance of success. As innovative Prof. P. De Somer was in providing to this University a new face, or should I say facelifting, as international is his reputation as the founder, and, since its inception, only director, of the Rega Institute. Built now more than 30 years ago, the Rega Institute has re mained one of the world's leading centers in microbiological research.
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Proceedings of the International Workshop on Combined Antimicrobial Therapy, held in Rome, 21-22 April, 1978
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R. VANFURTH Infection is an inseparable part of communal life, and infections are more common and more severe in hospital communi ties because the sick are more easily infected than the healthy. However, even though progress in the medical sciences has meant that many more patients suftering from relatively severe diseases can be helped at present, the use of more sophisticated and complex treatment leads to impairment of the defence mechanisms in more patients than was the case ten to twenty years ago, and these patients are also more prone to develop an infection. Two questions are particularly relevant in this context. 1) Under what conditions do hospital infections occur? Defects of host defence mechanisms are of great importance in this respect. Such defects can be due to the disease or to the treatment given to the patient. 2) Which of the host defence mechanisms can be affected by a stay in the hospital? Among the factors involved in the host defence against infections (Table I), a number are especially important in this respect. For instance, venepuncture, indwelling catheters, and surgery all cause a breach in the surface structures. Anaesthesia causes temporary impairment of mechanical factors. Vascularization may be defective -- especial ly in the aged and patients with diabetes mellitus -- and this may complicate the healing of wounds in the skin and mucous membranes after surgery.
Del 7 - New Perspectives in Clinical Microbiology
Malaria and Babesiosis
Research findings and control measures
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
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The ADG held its first International Symposium at Churchill College, Cambridge, in July 1979. The second symposium was also held at Churchill College on 30-31 July, 1981, and this, the third, took place at the same college on 30-31 July,. 1983. The meeting was structured in a format which we hoped would appeal to the full range of our membership. The philosophy of the ADG is that medical microbiologists, veterinarians, toxicologists and dental bacteriologists have much to learn from each other and can best be achieved by bringing these various disciplines together frequently and in informal surroundings. Again the symposium was very generously sponsored by May and Baker Limited who met all costs of the meeting and entertained us splendidly. David Jackson and Donald Bedford were re sponsible for coordinating with the ADG on behalf of May and Baker and, as usual, gave us their full cooperation. This book contains the full-length papers, followed by the posters presented at the meeting. This book also serves as a vehicle for the abstracts of the first meeting of the Society for Intestinal Microbial Ecology and Disease, SIMED, held in Boston, Massachusetts. An introduction to this new society by its President, Sydney M. Finegold, M.D., precedes the abstracts. M.J. Hill VI CONTENTS Preface v List of contributors VIII Introduction to the Anaerobe Discussion Group M.J. Hill XI A guinea-pig model demonstrating synergy between Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis in infected surgical wounds.
Del 6 - New Perspectives in Clinical Microbiology
Advances in Research on Cholera and Related Diarrheas
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
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The United States-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program was initiated in 1965 by joint agreement between the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of Japan. The purpose of the Program was to promote cooperative biomedical research between the two countries, especially on health problems of recognized impor tance in Asia. Cholera was designated as one topic of mutual interest. Panels of scientists from each country were formed, and these met to select priority areas for research. The Cholera Panels initially defined two major goals: 1) improved and simplified therapy for cholera, and 2) better methods for immunization. Progress in the pursuit of these goals led to the recognition that bacteria other than Vibrio cholerae are also important causes of acute dehydrating diarrhea which resembles cholera in its manifestations and patho genesis; most notable among these are enterotoxinogenic strains of Escherichia coli. Accordingly, panel guidelines were expanded to include all diarrheal diseases that involve fluid loss caused by an enterotoxin. More recently, studies have shown that vibrios, including V. cholerae, have a distinct environmental life cycle that is probably an impor tant factor in the epidemiology of vibrio infections. For this reason, the panel guidelines were again expanded to include studies on the environmental ecology of vibrios. A major project of the Joint Cholera Panels has been the organization and spon sorship of an annual conference on cholera and related diarrheal diseases.
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R. VANFURTH Infection is an inseparable part of communal life, and infections are more common and more severe in hospital communi ties because the sick are more easily infected than the healthy. However, even though progress in the medical sciences has meant that many more patients suftering from relatively severe diseases can be helped at present, the use of more sophisticated and complex treatment leads to impairment of the defence mechanisms in more patients than was the case ten to twenty years ago, and these patients are also more prone to develop an infection. Two questions are particularly relevant in this context. 1) Under what conditions do hospital infections occur? Defects of host defence mechanisms are of great importance in this respect. Such defects can be due to the disease or to the treatment given to the patient. 2) Which of the host defence mechanisms can be affected by a stay in the hospital? Among the factors involved in the host defence against infections (Table I), a number are especially important in this respect. For instance, venepuncture, indwelling catheters, and surgery all cause a breach in the surface structures. Anaesthesia causes temporary impairment of mechanical factors. Vascularization may be defective -- especial ly in the aged and patients with diabetes mellitus -- and this may complicate the healing of wounds in the skin and mucous membranes after surgery.
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Recent reviews of respiratory-tract affections caused by M. pneumoniae under- score the benign and often subclinical course of the infection. Severe pneumonia with a reticular or acinar pattern is certainly unusual and a fatal outcome is rare, but the incidence of both is underestimated. Erythromycin and tetracyclines are the first-choice antibiotics. There is evidence indicating the importance of im- munopathogenic mechanism in provoking pneumonia and even respiratory failure. REFERENCES 1. Krech U, Price PC, Jung M: The laboratory diagnosis and epidemiology of mycoplasma pneumoniae in Switzerland. Infection 4:33, 1976. 2. Fischman RA, Marschall KE, Kislak JW: Adult respiratory distress syndrome caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae. Chest 74:471, 1978. 3. Reigner Ph, Domenighetti G, Feihl F, Bonjour JPh, Perret CI: Syndrome de detresse respiratoire aigu sur infection a mycoplasme. Sch Med W 110:220, 1980. 4. Kaufman JM, Cuvelier CA, Van der Straeten M: Mycoplasma pneumonia with fulminant evolution into diffuse interstitial fibrosis. Thorax 35:140, 1980. 5. Murray HW, Masur H, Senterfit L, Roberts R: The protean manifestations of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in adults.Am J Med 58:229, 1975. 6. Levine DP, Lerner AM: The clinical spectrum of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. Med Clin N Am 62:961,1978. 7. Twomey JA, Espir ML: Neurological manifestations and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. BMJ 2:832, 1979. 8. Kingston JR, Chankock RM, Mufson MA, Hellman LP, James WD, Fox HH, Mankoma C, Boyers J: Eaton agent pneumonia. JAMA 176:118, 1961.
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This book records the papers and discussions at a Work shop which took place in London on the 5th and 6th of April 1979, as part of the programme of the Commission of the European Communities on Medical and Public Health Research. However the views expressed are those of the individuals concerned and not of the EEC or any of its organs. The object was to discuss certain biological aspects of natural and experimental slow virus infections. Because the amount of knowledge and the focus of interest varied in respect of each infection the approach and emphasis varied also. In the case of scrapie, we discussed the nature of the agent and the mode of pathogenesis, in the case of SSPE, the search for unusual features of the virus, and recent detail ed work on the immunology of the disease. As for Visna we reviewed the present understanding of the virus and its pathogenicity and also field epidemiology and methods for its control. There were also general papers, on interferon and oncornaviruses for example. We thank all those who made the meeting possible and enabled us to produce this book quickly, so that those who could not attend the meeting may nevertheless be able to read a great deal of what went on at it. In particular we would thank the Ciba Foundation who allowed us the use of their premises and Mrs. Jean Ashley who dealt with most of the arrangements.
Recent Advances in Anaerobic Bacteriology
Proceedings of the fourth Anaerobic Discussion Group Symposium held at Churchill College, University of Cambridge, July 26–28, 1985
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
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The Anaerobe Discussion Group (ADG) organised has four I-ntern-ational College, Symposia, all at Churchill Cambridge. The first was held in July 1979, the second in July 1981, the third in July 1983, and this, the fourth, on July 26-28th, 1985. The proceedings of each of these meetings have been published (see below). As on previous occasions, the scientific programme was designed appeal to the wide range to of interests represented by ADG members. The meeting was attended by delegates from allover the world,including medical mic- biologists, veterinarians, dentists, biochemists, gene- cists and scientists from several other disciplines, all of whom share a common interest in anaerobic mic- organisms. The interchange of scientific information and ideas between the delegates in such pleasant surroundings was, as always, a valuable and rewarding experience. Unlike previous Biennial Symposia in the series, this meeting was sponsored by a number of companies rather than by a single sponsor. Despite some intitial concern by the organising committee, this arrangement worked well and we are extremely grateful to all the companies who supported the meeting so generously. The names of the sponsors are listed individually in the acknowledgements section. We were also very pleased to welcome those companies who took part in the Trade Show during the meeting. This book contains the papers given by invited contributors, followed by abstracts poster of the demonstration presented at the meeting.
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The International Symposium on Frontiers in Microbiology has been de dicated to Prof. P. De Somer, whom I succeeded shortly after his death on 17 June 1985 as Rector of this now more than 560-year old University. When Prof. De Somer became the head of the University he started to remodel it, giving our old Alma Mater a more transparent administrative structure, strengthening its scientific and cultural autonomy, and establishing close links with the most prestigious national and foreign institutions. This made De Somer to one of the greatest, if not the greatest, of rectors in the history of Belgian Universities. He was a great leader, a perfect organizer, a clever negotiator, and a brilliant orator. In his speeches one immediately sensed his intuitive cognition and witty evaluation of the values of life. He knew perfectly well how to persuade the unwilling and to disenchant the illusionist. Sometimes a visionary himself, he would not pursue his ideas unless there was a chance of success. As innovative Prof. P. De Somer was in providing to this University a new face, or should I say facelifting, as international is his reputation as the founder, and, since its inception, only director, of the Rega Institute. Built now more than 30 years ago, the Rega Institute has re mained one of the world's leading centers in microbiological research.
555 kr
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Bacterial diarrheal diseases are a very important problem for human health, and many people, especially infants and children, die every year from diarrheal diseases, particularly in developing countries. Thus, in 1978 the World Health Organization initiated a Diarrhoeal Diseases Control Programme and is now working actively to control diarrheal diseases. The "International Symposium on Bacterial Diarrheal Diseases" which took place in Osaka from March 23rd to 25th, 1982, was organized by Osaka University with the support of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of the Japanese Government. The aim of this Symposium was to promote exchange of scientific information on bacterial diarrheal diseases, few years due since studies in this field have progressed rapidly during the last to work in many laboratories throughout the world. It seems appropriate that this Symposium was held in Osaka, since during the past century Japanese bacteriologists have made a number of important con- tributions in the field of bacterial diarrheal diseases. Outstanding among these contributions are the recognition of Shigella as a causative agent of bacillary dysentery by Dr.Kiyoshi Shiga and the serotyping of Vibrio cholerae into the Ogawa, Inaba and Hikojima serotypes by Drs. Kabeshima and Nobechi. Moreover more recently, Dr. Tsunesaburo Fujino of Osaka University discovered Vibrio parahaemolyticus as the causative agent of an important diarrheal disease.
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It goes almost without saying that there has been a marked increase in the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases throughout the world in the past two to three decades. Indeed, despite the progress that has been made in methods of diagnosis and treatment, the sexually transmitted diseases as a whole are the most common communicable diseases and as such constitute an important health problem. The increase in incidence may be accounted for by changes in sexual behaviour, the introduction of contraceptives and the increasing mobility of the population. In addition, during the same time period, the number of infectious agents recognized as being sexually transmitted has increased considerably. These include Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus and hepatitis B virus. Indeed, some are as dependent on sexual transmission as the agents which cause the traditional venereal diseases and collectively they cause morbidity which has out-stripped that caused by gonorrhoea and syphilis. It could almost be said that to know the sexually transmitted diseases is to know micro biology. However, the approach taken in this book has not been to consider individual infectious agents and evaluate what they do and do not cause but to consider clinical conditions and what might be responsible for them. To cover the complete spectrum of the sexually transmitted diseases in a comprehensive way now takes a text book of massive proportion.
Del 1 - New Perspectives in Clinical Microbiology
New perspectives in clinical microbiology
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
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If the organizers of the excellent symposium, on which this book is based, had wanted to devise an appropriate dramatic opening they could not have done better than to have the first speaker fail to appear because he was incarcerated in his high security isolation unit caring for a patient suffering from green monkey disease. In his consequently undelivered paper, now published in this book, he understandably dwells a little on the place (both philosophical and physical) of the laboratory in the investigation of highly transmissible infections and this subject characterizes the two themes that run through the chapters of this book: the relative roles of microbiologist and clinician in the investigation and management of infected patients, and the techniques, management and diseases most recently to come under scrutiny. In addition to some airing of the question (which some of us regard as pressing)as to what degree the microbiologist should be clinical and the clinician microbiological, there is welcome attention by the clinical haematologist and immunologist to humoral and cellular factors in infection that are acknowledged to be crucial but relative ly understudied. New looks at old diseases - urinary infections, urethritis and enteritis -and at an old drug, metronidazole, for new indications are all provided by authors who are at the advancing fronts of those sUbjects. The proceedings, completely updated and revised for this publication, seem to me to have been entirely successful in capturing the stimulation and enjoyment of the excellent and instructive symposium.