Petrology and Structural Geology – serie

The few coesite-bearing outcrops have conventionally been considered as anomalies but the number of orogenic belts that contain diamond, coesite or other indications of metamorphic pressures 2Gpa has increased to more than 15. This indicates that subduction of continental fragments to depths of 100-150 km may have played a significant role in the formation of mountain belts. This volume brings together the geochemical, geophysical and geodynamical approaches to study the processes active during ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) tectonics. The collection of papers explores our understanding of the creation, preservation, and exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure rocks. The book should be of interest to any earth scientist interested in ultrahigh pressure processes and the formation and modification of continental crust.

Partial melting occurs in a variety of geological environments, from granitic partial melts in the continental crust, to basaltic or carbonate partial melts in the upper mantle. Partial melting is the first stage of magmatism and therefore plays a role of primary importance in the chemical differentiation of the Earth and in the transport of heat to the Earth surface. This special volume contains contributions presented at the symposium "Physics and Chemistry of Partially Molten Systems" of the EUG 9 meeting, held in Strasbourg, France, on March 23-27, 1997. It is intended to provide a current understanding of the physics of partial melting and melt segregation and covers topics such as the rheology of partially molten systems, the topology of partial melts, modelling of partial melting processes, and field observations of partial melts.

1.1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE OPHIOLITE CONCEPT. Ophiolite, Greek for 'the snake stone', appears to have received its first written definition by Brongniart (1813) as a serpentine matrix containing various minerals. Later in 1821 and 1827, Brongniart determined that volcanic and gabbroic rocks were also present, associated with cherts, and he ascribed an igneous origin to the ophiolite. Amstutz (1980) gives an excellent exegesis of these early contributions and traces the further use of the term and concept of ophiolite. This concept had been forged in the western Alps and Apennines where, thanks to talented Italian geologists, in particular A. Sismonda, B. Gastaldi, V. Novarese and S. Franchi, the study on metamorphic ophiolites (the 'pietre verdi') has rapidly progressed. At the tum of the century the association of radiolarite, diabase, gabbro (euphotide), and serpentinite-peridotite was clearly identified, even through their metamorphic transformations.In 1902, Franchi developed the hypothesis introduced earlier by Lotti (1886), of a submarine outflow to explain the 'pietre verdi' association, on the basis of the attribution of the variolites and metamorphic prasinites to an hypabyssal volcanism, also responsible for the formation of radiolarites. Thus, before the popular work of Steinmann in 1927, the various components constituting an ophiolite had been identified and its hypabyssal origin proposed. As recalled by Amstutz (1980), the so-called 'Steinmann trinity', which consists of the association of radiolarites, diabases and serpentinites, was more completely and better defined in these earlier works.

Ophiolites are key sources of information regarding the genesis and evolution of oceanic lithosphere. Over the past decades, the geological ~tudy of ophio- lites has provided a wealth of insight into lithospheric processes and has proved to be an indispensible prerequisite to interpreting geophysical and other investigations of the crust underlying recent oceans. The Oman Ophiol- ite offers the most complete and structurally undisturbed sections of the oceanic crust in vast, clean exposures. It is, therefore, most fortunate for the scientific community that Mhd. Kassim, Director General of Minerals and Dr. Hilal Al Azri, Director of the Geological Survey, took upon themselves the task of organizing in Oman an international meeting on ophiolites. Having planned for an attendance of only 100 to 150 persons, the logistics of the organizing committee were put to a severe test by th~ 300 participants who eventually arrived from 27 countries. The 14 field trips, most of which were conducted twice, provided the participants with an excellent introduc- tion to the geology of Oman, the ophIolite sequence, and re~ated phenomena.

The processes involved in accretion taking place at oceanic ridges are approached in this text via petrological and structural analysis of oceanic rocks in present-day oceanic ridges, combined with similar studies based on ophiolites, and includes present cases of slow and fast oceanic spreading and inferred analogues in ophiolites. A complementary model study of cyclic oceanic activity reconciles the extreme cases of slowly and rapidly spreading ridges. In essence, based as it is on the analysis of "real rocks", this book on mantle-crust interactions reinforces the well-known contrast between processes taking place at slow and fast oceanic ridges. It contains useful information for scientists interested in the nature and generation of the ocean floor in present-day oceanic ridges and in their ophiolite counterparts.

Recent discoveries of diamond and coesite in the ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphosed supracrustal rocks have provoked a challenge to geodynamic ideas. Chinese geologists have been taking an active role. The Dabieshan-Sulu region, a large and exposed UHP belt, has attracted international attention. This text describes many aspects of the UHP rocks in the Dabieshan-Sulu region, including the geotectonic setting, mode of occurrence, mineralogy and petrology, isotope chronology, major and trace element chemistry, and metamorphic PTt path. The possible geodynamic mechanisms involved in the deep subduction and rapid exhumation of UHP rocks are also discussed.

This text, in which the term granite is taken in its broadest sense, collates the most innovative contributions that were presented at the EUG 8 Meeting, X12 Symposium, held in Strasbourg during April 1995. It covers a broad range of topics related to the physical aspects of granite magmatism, which are largely under-represented in comparison with chemical-oriented approaches. Nineteen papers span the range from physical properties of granitic material to several pluton case studies. The first part, `Melt and Magmas: Properties and Segregation', deals mainly with the physical properties and segregation of melts and magmas, including laboratory and field data. The second part, `Fabrics in Granites', develops some lively aspects of present-day granite geology, such as magmatic fabrics at all scales, and analogue and numerical experiments aimed at modelling magmatic fabrics.

Physicists attempt to reduce natural phenomena to their essential dimensions by means of simplification and approximation and to account for them by defining natural laws. Paradoxically, whilst there is a critical need in geology to reduce the overwhelming field information to its essentials, it often re­ mains in an over-descriptive state. This prudent attitude of geologists is dictated by the nature of the subjects being consi­ dered, as it is often difficult to derive the significant parame­ ters from the raw data. It also follows from the way that geolo­ gical work is carried out. Geologists proceed, as in a police investigation, by trying to reconstruct past conditions and events from an analysis of the features preserved in rocks. In physics all knowledge is based on experiment but in the Earth Sciences experimental evidence is of very limited scope and is difficult to interpret. The geologist's cautious approach in accepting evidence gained by modelling and quantification is sometimes questionable when it is taken too far. It shuts out potentially fruitful lines of advance; for instance when refu­ sing order of magnitude calculations, it risks being drowned in anthropomorphic speculation. Happily nowadays, many more studies tend to separate and order the significant facts and are carried out with numerical constraints, which although they are approxi­ mate in nature, limit the range of hypotheses and thus give rise to new models.

Physicists attempt to reduce natural phenomena to their essential dimensions by means of simplification and approximation and to account for them by defining natural laws. Paradoxically, whilst there is a critical need in geology to reduce the overwhelming field information to its essentials, it often re­ mains in an over-descriptive state. This prudent attitude of geologists is dictated by the nature of the subjects being consi­ dered, as it is often difficult to derive the significant parame­ ters from the raw data. It also follows from the way that geolo­ gical work is carried out. Geologists proceed, as in a police investigation, by trying to reconstruct past conditions and events from an analysis of the features preserved in rocks. In physics all knowledge is based on experiment but in the Earth Sciences experimental evidence is of very limited scope and is difficult to interpret. The geologist's cautious approach in accepting evidence gained by modelling and quantification is sometimes questionable when it is taken too far. It shuts out potentially fruitful lines of advance; for instance when refu­ sing order of magnitude calculations, it risks being drowned in anthropomorphic speculation. Happily nowadays, many more studies tend to separate and order the significant facts and are carried out with numerical constraints, which although they are approxi­ mate in nature, limit the range of hypotheses and thus give rise to new models.

The few coesite-bearing outcrops have conventionally been considered as anomalies but the number of orogenic belts that contain diamond, coesite or other indications of metamorphic pressures >2Gpa has increased to more than 15. This indicates that subduction of continental fragments to depths of 100-150 km may have played a significant role in the formation of mountain belts. This volume brings together the geochemical, geophysical and geodynamical approaches to study the processes active during ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) tectonics. The collection of papers demarkates the frontier of our understanding of the creation, preservation, and exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure rocks. Audience: This volume will be of interest to any earth scientist interested in ultrahigh pressure processes and the formation and modification of continental crust.

The processes involved in accretion taking place at oceanic ridges are approached here via petrological and structural analysis of oceanic rocks in present-day oceanic ridges, combined with similar studies based on ophiolites, and includes present cases of slow and fast oceanic spreading and inferred analogues in ophiolites. A complementary model study of cyclic oceanic activity reconciles the extreme cases of slowly and rapidly spreading ridges. In essence, based as it is on the analysis of 'real rocks', this book on mantle-crust interactions reinforces the well-known contrast between processes taking place at slow and fast oceanic ridges. Audience: Contains valuable information for scientists interested in the nature and generation of the ocean floor in present-day oceanic ridges and in their ophiolite counterparts.

This book, in which the term granite is taken in its broadest sense, collates the most innovative contributions that were presented at the EUG 8 Meeting, X12 Symposium, held in Strasbourg during April 1995. It covers a broad range of topics related to the physical aspects of granite magmatism, which are largely under-represented in comparison with chemical-oriented approaches. Nineteen papers span the range from physical properties of granitic material to several pluton case studies. The first part, 'Melt and Magmas: Properties and Segregation', deals mainly with the physical properties and segregation of melts and magmas, including laboratory and field data. The second part, 'Fabrics in Granites', develops some lively aspects of present-day granite geology, such as magmatic fabrics at all scales, and analogue and numerical experiments aimed at modelling magmatic fabrics.The third part, 'Emplacement of Granite Plutons: Case Studies', begins with a general consideration of syntectonic granites, includes a review of the shape of plutons as inferred from combined fabric and gravity data, and comprises some spectacular examples of plutons emplaced along shear zones, in Spain, Sierra Nevada -California- (see the cover page), Nigeria, and Brazil, or emplaced along subduction zones, in Japan. Granite is the most abundant rock on the continental crust, and this unique text is devoted entirely to the understanding of its origins and emplacement by studying its internal structures. The book is particularly well-illustrated, and almost all the illustrations are original. It will serve as an invaluable reference for geologists, petrologists, geophysicists interested in the development of the continental crust and, more generally, for earth scientists.

Ophiolites are key sources of information regarding the genesis and evolution of oceanic lithosphere. Over the past decades, the geological ~tudy of ophio- lites has provided a wealth of insight into lithospheric processes and has proved to be an indispensible prerequisite to interpreting geophysical and other investigations of the crust underlying recent oceans. The Oman Ophiol- ite offers the most complete and structurally undisturbed sections of the oceanic crust in vast, clean exposures. It is, therefore, most fortunate for the scientific community that Mhd. Kassim, Director General of Minerals and Dr. Hilal Al Azri, Director of the Geological Survey, took upon themselves the task of organizing in Oman an international meeting on ophiolites. Having planned for an attendance of only 100 to 150 persons, the logistics of the organizing committee were put to a severe test by th~ 300 participants who eventually arrived from 27 countries. The 14 field trips, most of which were conducted twice, provided the participants with an excellent introduc- tion to the geology of Oman, the ophIolite sequence, and re~ated phenomena.

Partial melting occurs in a variety of geological environments, from granitic partial melts in the continental crust, to basaltic or carbonate partial melts in the upper mantle. Partial melting is the first stage of magmatism and therefore plays a role of primary importance in the chemical differentiation of the Earth and in the transport of heat to the Earth surface. This special volume contains contributions presented at the symposium `Physics and Chemistry of Partially Molten Systems' of the EUG 9 meeting, held in Strasbourg, France, on March 23-27, 1997. It is intended to provide a current understanding of the physics of partial melting and melt segregation and covers topics such as the rheology of partially molten systems, the topology of partial melts, modelling of partial melting processes, and field observations of partial melts. Audience: This book is intended for a broad readership, including graduate students, specializing in petrology and geodynamics. The volume may be recommended as a textbook for graduate courses on petrology, geomaterial sciences and geophysics.