The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes

Haraldur Sigurdsson is emeritus professor at the Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island in the United States of America. He has worked on volcanic processes and the geochemistry of volcanic rocks for over fifty years. His studies have in part been focused on the impact of volcanic activity on human populations, especially his work on Vesuvius in Italy, Tambora in Indonesia, El Chichon in Mexico and studies of deadly gas bursts from Cameroon crater lakes. He has also studied the global environmental effects of meteorite impacts, such as the one that marks the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. His books include Melting the Earth, accounting for the evolution of ideas about formation of magmas and the origin of volcanic eruptions. Haraldur is currently director of the Volcano Museum in Stykkisholmur, Iceland. Bruce Houghton is the Gordon MacDonald Professor in Volcanology at University of Hawaii at Manoa and Hawaiian State Volcanologist and a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand. He is also Science Director at the National Disaster Preparedness Training Center at University of Hawaii. Previously he had a career of twenty five years as a volcanologist in New Zealand, culminating in leading the scientific response to the 1995-96 eruption of Ruapehu volcano. Bruce has published over 220 research papers in international journals and has worked in Alaska, Chile, El Salvador, Greece, Hawaii, Iceland, Italy, Germany, Nicaragua, Thailand and New Zealand. Steve McNutt is a Professor in the School of Geosciences at the University of South Florida (USF). He has worked on volcanic processes using seismology, infrasound, and lightning instruments for over 35 years. He worked half time for the Alaska Volcano Observatory from 1991-2012 and was closely involved in monitoring efforts for eruptions at Spurr, Pavlof, Shishaldin, Augustine, Okmok, Kasatochi, and Redoubt volcanoes. He coordinates seismology research at USF, and presently supervises 3 graduate students and a Post-Doc. His research interests include: 1) studies of source and propagation effects for volcanic tremor, low-frequency events, and explosion earthquakes; 2) volcanic hazards assessments in Alaska, California, and Central America; 3) the mechanical behavior of volcanoes, including periodicity of eruptions, and the effects of earth tides, sea level variations, and tectonic stresses on triggering eruptive activity; 4) volcano infrasound; and 5) volcanic lightning. From July 1999 to July 2007 he served as Secretary-General for the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior. Hazel Rymer is presently the Dean and Director of Studies in the Faculty of Science and Profesor of Environmental Volcanology.Hazel has developed and championed the use of microgravity as a tool for monitoring active volcanoes. She has used this method to identify sub-surface processes at calderas in a state of unrest and at persistently active volcanoes and this has given geoscientists considerable insight into the range of mechanisms responsible for initiating and sustaining volcanic activity. The technique Hazel pioneered is now the standard method for gravity monitoring on volcanoes; it remains the only way to quantify the sub-surface mass changes that occur before, during and after eruptions. John Stix has studied active volcanoes for 26 years, specializing in volcanic gases, eruption mechanisms, and the impact of volcanic activity. He teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in volcanology, natural hazards, and environmental geology. He also is involved in field courses, where he exposes students to hands-on observations of natural processes such as volcanic eruptions and floods. He has been involved in many training courses and workshops in Canada, the US, and Latin America to teach volcanology. He has collaborated extensively with colleagues in Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Ecuador in volcano studies and volcanic hazards. From 2003 to 2010 he was the Editor-in-Chief of the Bulletin of Volcanology, the leading international journal related to the study of volcanoes and volcanism. He is currently part of an international team to drill into an active silicic magma body beneath Krafla volcano in Iceland.

"There are many figures, tables, photographs, and charts, many of them in color in this well-produced second edition...I would recommend this volume to anyone interested in volcanoes and their activity." --The Leading Edge"...provides an in-depth and scientific overview of volcanoes including how they are formed and monitored, but it also examines such unique topics as volcanoes in art and volcano tourism...the most comprehensive referenced book on volcanism that I've ever come across." --Tundraco

• Part I. Origin and Transport of Magma1. Melting the Earth’s Upper MantleTimothy L. Grove and Christy B. Till2. Migration of MeltMartha J. Daines and Matej Pec3. Plate Tectonics and VolcanismPeter C. LaFemina4. The Composition and Origin of MagmasNick Rogers5. Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Silicate Melts and MagmaCharles E. Lesher and Frank J. Spera6. Chemical Thermodynamics and the Study of MagmasMark S. Ghiorso and Guilherme A.R. Gualda7. Volatiles in MagmasPaul J. Wallace, Terry Plank, Marie Edmonds and Erik H. Hauri8. Magma Chambers Bruce D. Marsh9. Rates of Magma Ascent and Storage Brandon Browne and Lindsay Szramek10. Magma Transport in Dikes Helge Gonnermann and Benoit Taisne11. Magma Ascent and Degassing at Shallow Levels Alain Burgisser and Wim DegruyterPart II. Eruptions12. Earth’s Volcanoes and Their Eruptions: An Overview Lee Siebert, Elizabeth Cottrell, Edward Venzke and Benjamin Andrews13. Sizes of Volcanic Eruptions David M. Pyle14. Global Rates of Volcanism and Volcanic Episodes Natalia Irma Deligne and Haraldur Sigurdsson15. Primary Volcanic Landforms Shan de Silva and Jan M. Lindsay16. Calderas Michael Branney and Valerio AcocellaPart III. Effusive Volcanism17. Lava Flows and Rheology Andrew J.L. Harris and Scott K. Rowland18. Lava Dome Eruptions Eliza S. Calder, Yan Lavallée, Jackie E. Kendrick and Marc Bernstein19. Submarine Lavas and HyaloclastiteJames D.L. White, Jocelyn McPhie, and S. Adam Soule20. Glaciovolcanism Benjamin R. Edwards, Magnu´s T. Gudmundsson and James K. Russell21. Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism S. Adam Soule22. Seamounts and Island Building Hubert Staudigel and Anthony A.P. Koppers23. Basaltic Volcanic Fields Greg A. Valentine and Charles B. Connor24. Large Igneous Provinces and Flood Basalt Volcanism Stephen Self, Millard F. Coffin, Michael R. Rampino and John A. WolffPart IV Explosive Volcanism25. Magmatic Fragmentation Katharine V. Cashman and Bettina Scheu26. Magma—Water Interaction and Phreatomagmatic Fragmentation Bernd Zimanowski, Ralf Büttner, Pierfrancesco Dellino, James D.L. White and Kenneth H. Wohletz27. Hawaiian and Strombolian Eruptions Jacopo Taddeucci, Marie Edmonds, Bruce Houghton, Michael R. James and Sylvie Vergniolle28. Vulcanian Eruptions Amanda Bachtell Clarke, Tomaso Esposti Ongaro and Alexander Belousov29. Plinian and Subplinian Eruptions Raffaello Cioni, Marco Pistolesi and Mauro Rosi30. Phreatomagmatic and Related Eruption Styles Bruce Houghton, James D.L. White and Alexa R. Van Eaton31. Submarine Explosive Eruptions James D.L. White, C. Ian Schipper and Kazuhiko Kano32. Volcanic Plumes Steven Carey and Marcus Bursik33. Tephra Dispersal and Sedimentation Costanza Bonadonna, Antonio Costa, Arnau Folch and Takehiro Koyaguchi 34. Pyroclastic Fall Deposits Bruce F. Houghton and Rebecca J. Carey35. Pyroclastic Density Currents: Processes and Models Josef Dufek, Tomaso Esposti Ongaro and Olivier Roche36. Deposits of Pyroclastic Density Currents Richard J. Brown and Graham D.M. Andrews37. Lahars and Their Deposits James W. Vallance and Richard M. Iverson38. Landslides, Debris Avalanches and Volcanic Gravitational Deformation Benjamin van Wyk de Vries and Tim DaviesPart V Extraterrestrial Volcanism39. Volcanism on the Moon Paul D. Spudis40. Volcanism on Mercury James W. Head, III and Lionel Wilson41. Volcanism on Mars James R. Zimbelman, William Brent Garry,Jacob Elvin Bleacher and David A. Crown42. Volcanism on Venus Mikhail A. Ivanov, Larry S. Crumpler, Jayne C. Aubele and James W. Head, III43. Volcanism on Io Rosaly M.C. Lopes and David A. Williams44. Cryovolcanism in the Outer Solar System Paul GeisslerPart VI Volcanic Interactions45. Volcanic, Magmatic and Hydrothermal Gases Tobias P. Fischer and Giovanni Chiodini46. Intrusion-Related Geothermal Systems James Stimac, Fraser Goff and Cathy J. Goff47. Seafloor Hydrothermal Venting at Volcanic Arcs and Backarcs Cornel E.J. de Ronde and Valerie K. Stucker48. Volcano-Related Lakes Pierre Delmelle, Richard W. Henley and Alain Bernard49. Volcanic Successions Associated with Ore Deposits: Facies Characteristics and Ore—HostRelationships Jocelyn McPhie and Ray Cas50. Volcanic Influences on the Carbon, Sulfur, and Halogen Biogeochemical Cycles Pierre Delmelle, Elena Maters and Clive OppenheimerPart VII. Volcanic Hazards51. Probabilistic Volcanic Hazard Assessment Chuck Connor, Mark Bebbington and Warner Marzocchi52. Volcanic Ash Hazards to Aviation Fred Prata and Bill Rose53. Climatic Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions Alan Robock54. Hazards from Pyroclastic Density Currents Paul D. Cole, Augusto Neri and Peter J. Baxter55. Lava Flow Hazards and Modeling Christopher R.J. Kilburn56. Hazards from Lahars and Jökulhlaups Magnús T. Gudmundsson57. Hazards of Volcanic Gases Glyn Williams-Jones and Hazel Rymer58. Volcanic Tsunamis Simon J. Day59. Volcanic Seismicity Stephen R. McNutt and Diana C. Roman60. Impacts of Eruptions on Human Health Peter J. Baxter and Claire J. Horwell61. Large Igneous Provinces and Biotic Extinctions Michael R. Rampino and Stephen Self62. Volcanic Lightning Stephen R. McNutt and Ronald J. ThomasPart VIII. Eruption Response and Mitigation63. Seismic and Infrasonic Monitoring Stephen R. McNutt, Glenn Thompson, Jeffrey Johnson, Silvio De Angelis and David Fee64. Ground Deformation, Gravity, and Magnetics Jeffrey T. Freymueller, John B. Murray, Hazel Rymer and Corinne A. Locke65. Gas, Plume, and Thermal Monitoring Simon A. Carn66. Synthesis of Volcano Monitoring John Pallister and Stephen R. McNutt67. Volcano Warning Systems Chris E. Gregg, Bruce Houghton and John W. Ewert68. Volcanic Crisis Management Gill Jolly and Servando de la Cruz69. Social Processes and Volcanic Risk Reduction Jenni Barclay, Katharine Haynes, Bruce Houghton and David Johnston70. Volcanic Risk Assessment Willy Aspinall and Russell BlongPart IX. Economic Benefits and Cultural Aspects of Volcanism71. Utilization of Geothermal Resources Stefán Arnórsson, Sverrir Thórhallsson and Andri Stefánsson72. Volcanic Soils Pierre Delmelle, Sophie Opfergelt, Jean-Thomas Cornelis and Chien-Lu Ping73. Volcano Ecology: Disturbance Characteristics and Assembly of Biological Communities Charles M. Crisafulli, Frederick J. Swanson, Jonathan J. Halvorson and Bruce D. Clarkson74. Volcanic Materials in Commerce and Industry 1285Jonathan Dehn and Stephen R. McNutt75. Volcanoes and Tourism Patricia Erfurt-Cooper, Haraldur Sigurdsson and Rosaly M.C. Lopes76. Volcanoes, Ancient People, and Their Societies Payson Sheets77. Volcanoes in Art Haraldur Sigurdsson78. Volcanoes in Literature and Film Haraldur Sigurdsson and Rosaly M.C. LopesAppendix 1: Common Units and Conversion Factors Appendix 2: Catalog of Earth’s Documented Holocene Eruptions