Reinforced Concrete

Dr. Edward G. Nawy is a distinguished professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. He has been active in the ACI and PCI since 1959 and is internationally recognized for his extensive research work in the fields of reinforced and prestressed concrete, particularly in the areas of crack and deflection control. Dr. Nawy has published more than 175 papers in numerous technical journals worldwide. He is also the author of several books, including Prestressed Concrete: A Fundamental Approach, Fifth Edition (2006), published by Prentice Hall; Fundamentals of High Performance Concrete, Second Edition (2001), published by John Wiley and Sons; and Concrete Construction Engineering Handbook, Second Edition (2008), published by Taylor and Francis/CRC Press. He has been the recipient of several major awards, including the Henry L. Kennedy Award of the ACI, the ACI Concrete Research Council Award, the ACI Design Practice Award, honorary membership of the ACI, honorary professorship with the Nanjing Institute of Technology, and the emeritus honorary membership of the Transportation Research Board Committee on Concrete. Dr. Nawy is a licensed Professional Engineer in the states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, California, and Florida, Evaluator for the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), Chartered Civil Engineer overseas, and has been a consultant in forensic engineering throughout the United States.

• PREFACE1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Historical Development of Structural Concrete1.2 Basic Hypothesis of Reinforced Concrete1.3 Analysis versus Design of Sections  2 CONCRETE-PRODUCING MATERIALS2.1 Introduction2.2 Portland Cement2.3 Water and Air2.4 Aggregates2.5 AdmixturesSelected References  3 CONCRETE3.1 Introduction3.2 Proportioning Theory—Normal Strength Concrete3.3 High-Strength High-Performance Concrete Mixtures Design3.4 PCA Method of Mixture Design3.5 Estimating Compressive Strength of a Trial Mixture Using the SpecifiedCompressive Strength3.6 Mixture Designs for Nuclear-Shielding Concrete3.7 Quality Tests on Concrete3.8 Placing and Curing of Concrete3.9 Properties of Hardened Concrete3.10 High-Strength ConcreteSelected ReferencesProblems for Solution  4 REINFORCED CONCRETE4.1 Introduction4.2 Types and Properties of Steel Reinforcement4.3 Bar Spacing and Concrete Cover for Steel Reinforcement4.4 Concrete Structural Systems4.5 Reliability and Structural Safety of Concrete Components4.6 ACI Load Factors and Safety Margins4.7 Design Strength versus Nominal Strength: Strength Reduction Factor 4.8 Quality Control and Quality AssuranceSelected References  5 FLEXURE IN BEAMS5.1 Introduction5.2 The Equivalent Rectangular Block5.3 Strain Limits Method for Analysis and Design5.4 Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams for Flexure5.5 Trial-and-Adjustment Procedures for the Design of Singly Reinforced Beams5.6 One-Way Slabs5.7 Doubly Reinforced Sections5.8 Nonrectangular Sections5.9 Analysis of T and L Beams5.10 Trial-and-Adjustment Procedure for the Design of Flanged Sections5.11 Concrete Joist Construction5.12 SI Expressions and Example for Flexural Design of BeamsSelected ReferencesProblems for Solution  6 SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS6.1 Introduction6.2 Behavior of Homogeneous Beams6.3 Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams as Nonhomogeneous Sections6.4 Reinforced Concrete Beams without Diagonal Tension Reinforcement6.5 Diagonal Tension Analysis of Slender and Intermediate Beams6.6 Web Steel Planar Truss Analogy6.7 Web Reinforcement Design Procedure for Shear6.8 Examples of the Design of Web Steel for Shear6.9 Deep Beams: Non-Linear Approach6.10 Brackets or Corbels6.11 Strut and Tie Model Analysis and Design of Concrete Elements6.12 SI Design Expressions and Example for Shear DesignSelected ReferencesProblems for Solution  7 TORSION7.1 Introduction7.2 Pure Torsion in Plain Concrete Elements7.3 Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Elements7.4 Shear–Torsion–Bending Interaction7.5 ACI Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to Combined Torsion, Bending,and Shear7.6 SI Metric Torsion Expressions and Example for Torsion DesignSelected ReferencesProblems for Solution  8 SERVICEABILITY OF BEAMS AND ONE-WAY SLABS8.1 Introduction8.2 Significance of Deflection Observation8.3 Deflection Behavior of Beams8.4 Long-Term Deflection8.5 Permissible Deflections in Beams and One-Way Slabs8.6 Computation of Deflections8.7 Deflection of Continuous Beams8.8 Operational Deflection Calculation Procedure and Flowchart8.9 Deflection Control in One-Way Slabs8.10 Flexural Cracking in Beams and One-Way Slabs8.11 Tolerable Crack Widths8.12 ACI 318 Code Provisions for Control of Flexural Cracking8.13 SI Conversion Expressions and Example of Deflection EvaluationSelected ReferencesProblems for Solution  9 COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS9.1 Introduction9.2 Types of Columns9.3 Strength of Non-Slender Concentrically Loaded Columns9.4 Strength of Eccentrically Loaded Columns: Axial Load and Bending9.5 Strain Limits Method to Establish Reliability Factor and Analysis and Designof Compression Members9.6 Whitney’s Approximate Solution in Lieu of Exact Solutions9.7 Column Strength Reduction Factor 9.8 Load–Moment Strength Interaction Diagrams (P–M Diagrams) for Columns Controlledby Material Failure9.9 Practical Design Considerations9.10 Operational Procedure for the Design of Nonslender Columns9.11 Numerical Examples for Analysis and Design of Nonslender Columns9.12 Limit State at Buckling Failure (Slender or Long Columns)9.13 Moment Magnification: First-Order Analysis9.14 Second-Order Frame Analysis and the P-Δ effect9.15 Operational Procedure and Flowchart for the Design of Slender Columns9.16 Compression Members in Biaxial Bending9.17 SI Expressions and Example for the Design of Compression MembersSelected ReferencesProblems for Solution  10 BOND DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCING BARS10.1 Introduction10.2 Bond Stress Development10.3 Basic Development Length10.4 Development of Flexural Reinforcement in Continuous Beams10.5 Splicing of Reinforcement10.6 Examples of Embedment Length and Splice Design for Beam Reinforcement10.7 Typical Detailing of Reinforcement and Bar SchedulingSelected ReferencesProblems for Solution  11 DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SLABS AND PLATES11.1 Introduction: Review of Methods11.2 Flexural Behavior of Two-Way Slabs and Plates11.3 The Direct Design Method11.4 Distributed Factored Moments and Slab Reinforcement by the Direct Design Method11.5 Design and Analysis Procedure: Direct Design Method11.6 Equivalent Frame Method for Floor Slab Design11.7 SI Two-Way Slab Design Expressions and Example11.8 Direct Method of Deflection Evaluation11.9 Cracking Behavior and Crack Control in Two-Way-Action Slabs and Plates11.10 Yield-Line Theory for Two-Way Action PlatesSelected ReferencesProblems for Solution  12 FOOTINGS12.1 Introduction12.2 Types of Foundations12.3 Shear and Flexural Behavior of Footings12.4 Soil Bearing Pressure at Base of Footings12.5 Design Considerations in Flexure12.6 Design Considerations in Shear12.7 Operational Procedure for the Design of Footings12.8 Examples of Footing Design12.9 Structural Design of Other Types of FoundationsSelected ReferencesProblems for Solution  13 CONTINUOUS REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES13.1 Introduction13.2 Longhand Displacement Methods13.3 Force Method of Analysis13.4 Displacement Method of Analysis13.5 Finite-Element Methods and Computer Usage13.6 Approximate Analysis of Continuous Beams and Frames13.7 Limit Design (Analysis) of Indeterminate Beams and FramesSelected ReferencesProblems for Solution  14 INTRODUCTION TO PRESTRESSED CONCRETE14.1 Basic Concepts of Prestressing14.2 Partial Loss of Prestress14.3 Flexural Design of Prestressed Concrete Elements14.4 Serviceability Requirements in Prestressed Concrete Members14.5 Ultimate-Strength Flexural Design of Prestressed Beams14.6 Example 14.5: Ultimate-Strength Design of Prestressed Simply Supported Beamby Strain Compatibility14.7 Web Reinforcement Design Procedure for ShearSelected ReferencesProblems for Solution    15 LRFD AASHTO DESIGN OF CONCRETEBRIDGE STRUCTURES15.1 LRFD Truck Load Specifications15.2 Flexural Design Considerations15.3 Shear Design Considerations15.4 Horizontal Interface Shear15.5 Combined Shear and Torsion15.6 Step-by-Step LRFD Design Procedures15.7 LRFD Design of Bulb-Tee Bridge Deck: Example 15.115.8 LRFD Shear and Deflection Design: Example 15.2Selected ReferencesProblems for Solution  16 SEISMIC DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES16.1 Introduction: Mechanism of Earthquakes16.2 Spectral Response Method16.3 Equivalent Lateral Force Method16.4 Simplified Analysis Procedure for Seismic Design of Buildings16.5 Other Aspects in Seismic Design16.6 Flexural Design of Beams and Columns16.7 Seismic Detailing Requirements for Beams and Columns16.8 Horizontal Shear in Beam–Column Connections (Joints)16.9 Design of Shear Walls16.10 Design Procedure for Earthquake-Resistant Structures16.11 Example 16.1: Seismic Base Shear and Lateral Forces and Moments by the InternationalBuilding Code (IBC) Approach16.12 Example 16.2: Design of Confining Reinforcement for Beam–Column Connections16.13 Example 16.3: Transverse Reinforcement in a Beam Potential Hinge Region16.14 Example 16.4: Probable Shear Strength of Monolithic Beam–Column Joint16.15 Example 16.5: Seismic Shear Wall Design and DetailingSelected ReferencesProblems for Solution  17 STRENGTH DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUCTURES17.1 Introduction17.2 Design Principles17.3 Strength Reduction Factors17.4 Flexural Strength17.5 Shear Strength17.6 Axial Compression Strength17.7 Anchorage of Masonry Reinforcement17.8 Prestressed Masonry17.9 Deflection17.10 Example 17.9: Detailed Design of CMU Lintel in Seismic Zone17.11 Example 17.10: Design of Grouted CMU Wall Supporting Beam Lintel of Example 17.917.12 Example 17.11: Tension Anchor DesignSelected ReferencesProblems for Solution  APPENDIX A TABLES AND NOMOGRAMSINDEX