Capitalism Since 1945

Häftad, Engelska, 1991

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Beskrivning

This book charts the development of capitalism in the post-war period and describes the challenges that the system has faced since 1945. It describes the measures that were taken to deal with the post-war slump and the ways in which most capitalist economies achieved steady growth and affluence in the 1950s and 1960s. It goes on to show how this boom was undermined by unemployment ensued.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum:1991-05-10
Mått:155 x 230 x 22 mm
Vikt:595 g
Format:Häftad
Språk:Engelska
Antal sidor:408
Förlag:John Wiley and Sons Ltd
ISBN:9780631179351

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Innehållsförteckning

List of Figures ix List of Tables xiPreface ivPART I: Postwar Reconstruction, 1945-1950 11 Chaos and Despair 32 Behind the Chaos 6The means to produce 7 Workers 7 War damage 8 Investment 8Bottlenecks 10 Capital and labour 11 The United States and the United Kingdom 12 Japan and Germany 16 Italy and France 20International relations 22 Relations betmeen the advanced countries 22The colonies 23 Relations mith the USSR 243 Great Power Policies 27Uncle Sam out for himself 27 Aid to Europe and Japan 28 International money and trade systems 30 US occupation policy 31 Uncle Joe in control 35 People's democracy 364 The First Two Years 38Investment and wages 38 Japan 41 Germany 47 Italy 52France 56 The United Kingdom 605 Marshall Aid: the United States Changes Tack 68Europe's crisis? 68 Economic problems in the United States 73 US labour 75 How the Marshall Plan worked 786 The New Turn in Europe and Japan 81France 84 Italy 87 Japan 90 Germany 94The United Kingdom 101 Summary 1057 Towards the Boom 106The US recession 106 The 1949 devaluations 107 The Korean upswing 108 Investment and the boom 109PART II: The Great Boom, 1950-1974 1158 The Golden Years 117Workers and means of production 118 Profits 119 Profit shares and rates 119 Production and realization 120 Wages 122 Why wages rose 124Exports 126 Government spending 126 Investment 127The Japanese economic miracle 1299 A New, Managed Capitalism? 136The welfare state 137 German codetermination 141 French economic planning 143 Japanese industrial policy 146Conclusions 15010 The Eclipse of US Domination 151 The growth of trade 153 International oligopoly 154 US business slips back 155 Lom accumulation at home 158 Investment abroad 160 The boom, Bretton Woods and the dollar 162 US gains 163 Costs of maintaining the dollar 165 International monetary reform 16611 Overaccumulation 169Development of the working class 169 The late 1960s: the problem of full employment 172 Tight labour markets 172 Accumulation and the demand for labour 173 The profits squeeze 176 Productivity growth 177 Product wages 179 International competition 180 Falling output-capital ratio 181 Falling rate of profit 182 Post-tax profits 184 Did workers gain? 185 Inflation 18712 Overheating 192Strike waves and wage explosions 192 Italy's Hot Autumn 196 May 1968 200 Clampdown and the 1970-1 recession 207 The break-up of Bretton Woods 207 Dollar devaluation 210 The surplus countries 211 US competitiveness and payments 212 The 1972-3 mini-boom 215 The commodities boom 217 The grain market 218 End of an era 22013 Oil and the Crash of 1974 221The oil crisis 221 The crash 225PART III: Coping with the Slowdown, 1974- 23114 The Great Slowdown 233Why growth has slowed 234 Consumers to blame ... 234 Or foreigners ... 236 ... Or governments? 236 Investment 237Stagnation of productivity and rising unemployment 240The productivity crisis 240 The rise in unemployment 243 De-industrialization and structural change 244 Women's and men's employment 247 Profits 248 Profitability and accumulation 251Inflation and unemployment 254 Finance and the legacy of Government debt 256 Consumer debt 257Financing productive investment 25815 Workers and the Organization of Production 262Unions and strikes 262 Relocating production 267 From Fordism to Toyotaism 269 Conclusion 28016 International Relations 282The Eastern bloc 282 The less developed countries 284 The oil producers 287 The nemly industrializing countries 288 The debt crisis 290 The advanced countries 295 Trade 296 1992 298 Foreign investment 300 International money 301 17 Reversing the Consensus 305Restrictive monetary and fiscal policy 307 Cutting down the state 310 Tax cuts 312 Privatization 314 Deregulation 317 Deregulation of the labour market 318 Has it worked? 32018 Against the Tide 322Attempts at expanding demand 322 Market forces and the problems of expansion 324 Radical measures to curb market forces 327 Inflation and wages 327 The balance of payments and speculation 328 Industrial policy 328 Distributing the results of slower growth 332 Conclusions 33919 Capitalism Triumphant? 340Data Appendix 344Sources 359Bibliography 368Index 383