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    1. Samhälle och politik
    2. Samhälle och kultur
    3. Sociala grupper och identitet
    4. Genusvetenskap

    Empathy Gap

    Male Disadvantages and the Mechanisms of Their Neglect

    AvWilliam Collins

    Häftad, Engelska, 2019

    429 kr

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    E-bok

    81 kr

    Beskrivning

    The Empathy Gap proposes the thesis that men and boys are extensively disadvantaged across many areas of life, including in education, healthcare, genital integrity, criminal justice, domestic abuse, working hours, taxation, pensions, paternity, homelessness, suicide, sexual offences, and access to their own children after parental separation. The claim is justified in the book by empirical evidence, mostly but not exclusively from the UK, involving nearly 1,000 references, 179 Figures and 49 Tables. To most people, of both sexes, this will appear to be a perverse perspective as disadvantage has become the province of women, girls and minorities, not males. Yet the empirical case supporting the disadvantages suffered by men and boys is undeniable to the objective mind. But if this is so, why is the popular perception that males are privileged whereas disadvantage is the province of the opposite sex? Why do the male disadvantages go largely unremarked, by both sexes, if they are so pervasive?Presenting the case for widespread and substantial male disadvantage is also a challenge to the usual hegemonic paradigm of feminist theory. These issues are addressed within The Empathy Gap by presenting an entirely different orientation on the social psychology of relations between the sexes. Out goes the idea of an oppressive patriarchy. Instead, a man's participation in the human pair bond is seen to be altruistic, a phenomenon arising originally from evolution and enacted in the individual via the emotional psyche. This is the origin of an asymmetry in the perception of the sexes which normalises the preferencing of females and therefore inevitably disadvantages males as a corollary. The successful evolved strategy involves male utility and relative male disposability, the latter being facilitated by a muted empathy for males, by both sexes - the empathy gap. Rather than working to overcome this male disposability, as a true egalitarian movement would have done, feminism has fed upon it and amplified it. The feminist project relies upon the true state of affairs remaining unacknowledged, and the empathy gap is instrumental in its own invisibility. In respect of this theory, the author makes no claim for originality. The ideas presented have been circulating within the sub-culture for decades. However, the focus of the book is to show how these ideas are manifest in practice.

    Produktinformation

    • Utgivningsdatum:2019-07-06
    • Mått:156 x 234 x 35 mm
    • Vikt:958 g
    • Format:Häftad
    • Språk:Engelska
    • Antal sidor:696
    • Förlag:LPS Publishing
    • ISBN:9780957168886

    Utforska kategorier

    • Genusvetenskap inom Samhälle och politik

    Innehållsförteckning

    • Preface1. The Differently Gendered Society1.1.1 Purpose of this Book1.1.2 Equality?2.1.3 What is the Origin of the Empathy Gap?61.3.1 The Nine Factors Underlying the Empathy Gap10.1.3.2 Discussion of the Factors Underlying the Empathy Gap18.1.4 Aims and Limitations36.2. Education37.2.1 Primary School Attainment38.2.2 Secondary School Attainment Aged 1640.2.3 A Levels42.2.4 University Entry43.2.5 Gender Gap and the Nature of the Award47.2.6 Innate Gender Difference? Adult Competencies53.2.7 School Staff and Stereotyping55.2.8 University Staff, STEMM and Athena Swan57.2.9 Gender Skew in Provision62.2.10 Perceptions and Expectations64.2.11 Worldwide67.2.12 Summary: The Education Empathy Gap72.3. Physical Health and Longevity75.3.1 Gender Disparity in Premature and Early Death76.3.2 The Leading Causes of Premature Death (<75)78.3.2.1 Cardiovascular Diseases80.3.2.2 Cancers80.3.2.3 HIV-AIDS93.3.3 The Leading Causes of Early Death (<45)93.3.4 Occupational Health and Workplace Injuries and Deaths94.3.4.1 Workplace Deaths in History94.3.4.2 Workplace Deaths Now96.3.4.3 Non-Fatal Injuries at Work96.3.4.4 Occupational Health Issues96.4. Men's Access to Healthcare and Health Spending by Sex99.4.1 Men's Access to Healthcare99.4.2 Global Health of Men106.4.3 Healthcare and Health Research Spending106.4.3.1 USA Healthcare Spending by Sex107.4.3.2 USA Health Research Spending by Sex108.4.4 The Empathy Gap in Men's Health1095. Male Genital Mutilation: History and Harm114.5.1 Anatomy, Histology and Function of the Foreskin117.5.1.1 Foreskin Development: Retraction120.5.2 The History of MGM121.5.3 MGM Procedures, Practitioners and Risk125.5.3.1 Risks of the Procedure127.5.4 Prevalence and Incidence of MGM128.5.5 The Harmful Effects of MGM131.5.5.1 Studies of Sensitivity131.5.5.2 Studies of Men's Sexual Experience after Circumcision134.5.5.3 Survey Evidence: Men's Subjective Experience of Circumcision1386. MGM: Claimed Benefits and Legality141.6.1 Background to the 2017 review of Morris et al141.6.2 Critique of the claims of Morris et al, 2017.143.6.2.1 Urinary Tract Infections143.6.2.2 Phimosis145.6.2.3 Balanitis / Candidiasis146.6.2.4 Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)146.6.2.5 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)146.6.2.6 Other Diseases150.6.3 The Opinion of Medical Bodies Worldwide152.6.4 Legal Issues155.6.4.1 The Illegality of MGM in the UK155.6.4.2 Attempts to Make MGM Illegal in Other Countries158.6.5 The Male Genital Mutilation Empathy Gap161.7. Work, Pay, Tax, Spending and Pensions164.7.1 UK Unemployment Data165.7.2 UK Economic Inactivity167.7.3 Gendered Occupations169.7.3.1 The Public Sector171.7.3.2 Armed Forces172.7.3.3 Apprenticeships172.7.3.4 The Gender Equality "Paradox"173.7.3.5 Diversity?177.7.4 The UK Gender Pay Gap179.7.5 Gender Pay Gap Reporting: Company Submissions183.7.6 Working Hours: The Gender Pay Gap is a Work Gap185.7.7 Spending and Wealth by Sex189.7.7.1 UK in Year 1993/4190.7.7.2 Wealth and Spending, UK and USA, 2008 to 2018192.7.8 Income Taxes194.7.9 Pensions196.7.9.1 Occupational and Personal Pensions; the Private and Public Sectors196.7.9.2 The State Pension201.7.9.3 Numbers of Payees and Recipients203.7.9.4 Gender Pension Inequality?206.7.10 Housework and Unpaid Caring207.7.10.1 Men and Housework207.7.10.2 Men as Unpaid Carers209.7.11 The Empathy Gap in Work, Pay, Wealth, Spending and Taxes209.8. Imprisonment213.8.1 Harsher Treatment for Men213.8.1.1 Harsher Treatment Over Time213.8.1.2 Harsher Treatment by Sex215.8.2 Pop Goes the Woozle233.8.3 Characteristics of Prisoners235.8.3.1 Children in Prison236.8.3.2 Prisoners' IQ238.8.4 Male Prisoners and Their Families239.8.5 Self-Harming in Prison239.8.6 Deaths in Prison241.8.6.1 Suicide in Prison241.8.6.2 Deaths in Prison from 'Natural' Causes241.8.7 The Empathy Gap in Imprisonment243.9. Violence and Abuse245.9.1 All Violence245.9.1.1 Victims245.9.1.2 Perpetrators251.9.2 Violence and Abuse Within the Home: Men as Victims253.9.2.1 Incidence of Male Victims: Survey Data255.9.2.2 Severe Force258.9.2.3 Demographic Dependence of DA258.9.2.4 Domestic Violence and Marital Status259.9.2.5. Repeated Domestic Abuse260.9.2.6 Reports to Police, Prosecutions and Convictions260.9.2.7 Domestic Homicides261.9.2.8 International Studies of Domestic Abuse268.9.2.9 Dads as Victims of Domestic Violence270.9.2.10 Domestic Abuse Services: The Sexes Compared271.9.2.11 Perpetrator Programmes272.9.3 The Empathy Gap for Men as Victims of Violence275.10. Family Court Statistics280.10.1 Family Court Statistics (England and Wales)280.10.2 The Paramountcy Principle and the Perception of Risk281.10.3 Legal Aid, LASPO and the Role of False Allegations282.10.3.1 Legal Aid and LASPO282.10.3.2 The Domestic Violence Legal Aid Gateway283.10.3.3 Prevalence of Allegations of Domestic Abuse285.10.3.4 Which Sex Gets Legal Aid in the Family Courts?286.10.3.5 Routes through the Gateway289.10.3.6 Statistics of Domestic Violence Remedy Orders290.10.4 Lobbying and Serious Case Reviews292.10.5 The Empathy Gap Against Fathers in the Family Courts294.11. Are the Family Courts Biased Against Fathers?296.11.1. Introduction296.11.2 The 2008 Study of Hunt & MacLeod297.11.3 Lawyers', Judges' and Court Officers' Opinions303.11.4 The 2015 Study of Harding and Newnham304.11.5 Enforcement308.11.6 What Proportion of Separating Couples Apply to Court?312.11.7 Actual Contact Outcomes313.11.8 Financial Issues317.11.9 The Empathy Gap Against Non-Resident Fathers318.12. Parental Alienation, ACEs and the Woozling of Shared Parenting322.12.1 What is Parental Alienation?322.12.1.1 Prevalence of Alienation326.12.2 Adverse Childhood Experiences329.12.2.1 Behaviour and Health Outcomes of ACEs330.12.2.2 ACEs and Parental Involvement332.12.3 Woozling Shared Parenting333.12.4 Parental Conflict and the Benefit of Contact341.12.5 Empathy Gap in Alienation and Shared Care342.13. The Drivers of Fatherlessness343.13.1 Marriage, Divorce, Cohabitation and Single Living: the Data344.13.2 Statistics on Children's Living Arrangements349.13.3 The Decline of Marriage Drives Fatherlessness351.13.4 The Socioeconomics of Marriage: The Marriage Gap353.13.5 Summary of the Drivers of Fatherlessness356.14. The Effect of Fatherlessness on Outcomes for Children358.14.1 The Differing Perspectives on Fatherhood359.14.2 Families Without Fatherhood, Dennis & Erdos, 1992360.14.3 The Big Picture - A Selection of Studies363.14.4 The Study of Radl, Salazar and Cebolla-Boado, 2017368.14.5 The Study of McLanahan, Tach and Schneider, 2013371.14.6 The Indirect Empathy Gap for Fatherless Children373.15. Paternity and Its Enemies375.15.1 Men's Control Over Their Own Fertility376.15.1.1 Male Contraception376.15.1.2 Option Denied?378.15.1.3 Men's Fertility380.15.2 Mispaternity and Paternity Fraud384.15.2.1 Terminology and Perception384.15.2.2 The Prevalence of Mispaternity385.15.2.3 Men are Not Legally Entitled to Know if a Child is Theirs (UK)391.15.2.4 A "Thin View" of Fatherhood?395.15.3 The Empathy Gap Against Paternity and Male Fertility402.16. Homelessness and Loneliness403.16.1 Statutory Homelessness and "Single" Homelessness403.16.1.1 Statutory Homelessness in England406.16.1.2 Statutory Homelessness in Scotland408.16.1.3 Statutory Homelessness in Wales409.16.1.4 Statutory Homelessness in Northern Ireland410.16.1.5 Statutory Homelessness: The Big Picture on Gender410.16.2 Rough Sleepers411.16.2.1 Rough Sleeper Counts in England411.16.2.2 CHAIN Data for London413.16.2.3 Rough Sleeper Counts in Wales416.16.3 Deaths of Rough Sleepers417.16.3.1 Bethany Thomas 2012 Data417.16.3.2 ONS Data417.16.3.3 Data from the Bureau of Investigative Journalism419.16.4 Loneliness421.16.4.1 Loneliness Survey in England422.16.4.2 Loneliness Survey in Wales424.16.5 The Empathy Gap in Homelessness and Loneliness427.17. Mental Ill-Health and Substance Abuse429.17.1 Mental Ill Health in Adults430.17.1.1 Common Mental Disorders430.17.1.2 Personality Disorders432.17.1.3 Autism Spectrum Disorders434.17.1.4 Psychotic Disorders436.17.1.5 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)437.17.1.6 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)438.17.1.7 Bipolar Disorder439.17.1.8 Mental Disorders and Employment440.17.1.9 Access to Treatment by Demographic440.17.2 Mental Ill Health in Children and Young Adults441.17.2.1 All Disorders441.17.2.2 Emotional Disorders443.17.2.3 Behavioural Disorders444.17.2.4 Hyperactivity Disorders445.17.2.5 Autism, Eating Disorders and Less Common Disorders446.17.2.6 Mental Health Medication of Children447.17.2.7 Demographic, Lifestyle and Sexuality Factors448.17.2.8 Teenagers and Students in the USA449.17.3 Substance Abuse450.17.3.1 Alcohol Abuse451.17.3.2 Drug Abuse451.17.4 People Detained under the Mental Health Act452.17.5 APA and BPS Guidelines for the Psychological Practice with Boys and Men453.17.5.1 APA Versus Data461.17.6 The Empathy Gap in Mental Health Perceptions463.18. Suicide, Suicidality and Self-Harm466.18.1 Self-Harm, Suicidality and Suicide Attempts (England)466.18.2 Suicide470.18.2.1 UK Suicide Statistics and Trends470.18.2.2 The Suicide Paradox476.18.2.3 Reasons for the High Male Suicide Rate476.18.2.4 Methods of Suicide and Suicide Attempts489.18.3 Male Suicide: Narratives, Rationalisations and Blaming491.18.4 The Empathy Gap in Suicide496.19. Rape and False Allegations501.19.1 Definition of Sexual Offences502.19.2 Prevalence of Rape and Police Reports506.19.3 Conviction Statistics for Rape510.19.3.1 Sex of Rape Victims and Defendants516.19.4 Attrition517.19.5 Rape Trials and Juries521.19.5.1 Video Evidence by Complainants522.19.5.2 "Training" Rape Trial Juries522.19.5.3 Rape Trials Without Juries?523.19.6 False Allegations of Rape524.19.6.1 The Harm Done by False Allegations531.19.7 Disclosure533.19.8 The Empathy Gap in Accusations of Sexual Assault540.20. Sexual Assault: The Story Less Told543.20.1 Sex Offender Prisoner Statistics (UK)544.20.2 Examples of Women's Sexual Abuse of Minors546.20.3 The Prevalence of Female Sexual Abuse of Minors (UK)550.20.4 Male Offenders' History of Childhood Sexual Abuse552.20.5 Perceptions of Female Perpetration and the Damage Done556.20.6 The Sex of the Victim558.20.7 Female Offender Sentencing559.20.8 Female Sexual Offending in Correctional Facilities in the USA560.20.9 Sexual Assault of Adult Men by Women563.20.10 Adult Prison Sexual Assault568.20.11 War Rape570.20.12 The Empathy Gap in Sexual Assault572.21. Reprise: The Case for the Empathy Gap575.21.1 Education578.21.2 Health and Longevity579.21.3 Male Genital Mutilation581.21.4 Work, Pay, Tax and Pensions582.21.5 Imprisonment584.21.6 Violence and Abuse585.21.7 Family Courts588.21.8 Alienation, ACES and Shared Care590.21.9 Drivers of Fatherlessness591.21.10 Effects of Fatherlessness on Children591.21.11 Men's Fertility and Paternity Fraud592.21.12 Homelessness and Loneliness593.21.13 Mental Health594.21.14 Suicide595.21.15 Rape and False Allegations598.21.16 Sexual Assault: The Story Less Told599.21.17 In Conclusion601.Acronyms603.References607.Index651.