Ramification groups of local fields are essential tools for studying boundary behaviour in geometric objects and the degeneration of Galois representations. This book presents a comprehensive development of the recently established theory of upper ramification groups of local fields with imperfect residue fields, starting from the foundations. It also revisits classical theory, including the Hasse-Arf theorem, and offers an optimal generalisation via log monogenic extensions. The conductor of Galois representations, defined through ramification groups, has numerous geometric applications, notably the celebrated Grothendieck-Ogg-Shafarevich formula. A new proof of the Deligne-Kato formula is also provided; this result plays a pivotal role in the theory of characteristic cycles. With a foundational understanding of commutative rings and Galois theory, graduate students and researchers will be well-equipped to engage with this rich area of arithmetic geometry.
