Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering, Volume 2

Inbunden, Engelska, 2013

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Beskrivning

A multidisciplinary reference of engineering measurement tools, techniques, and applicationsVolume 2"When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the stage of science." Lord KelvinMeasurement falls at the heart of any engineering discipline and job function. Whether engineers are attempting to state requirements quantitatively and demonstrate compliance; to track progress and predict results; or to analyze costs and benefits, they must use the right tools and techniques to produce meaningful, useful data.The Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering is the most comprehensive, up-to-date reference set on engineering measurementsbeyond anything on the market today. Encyclopedic in scope, Volume 2 spans several disciplinesMaterials Properties and Testing, Instrumentation, and Measurement Standardsand covers: Viscosity MeasurementCorrosion MonitoringThermal Conductivity of Engineering MaterialsOptical Methods for the Measurement of Thermal ConductivityProperties of Metals and AlloysElectrical Properties of PolymersTesting of Metallic MaterialsTesting and Instrumental Analysis for Plastics ProcessingAnalytical Tools for Estimation of ParticulateComposite Material PropertiesInput and Output CharacteristicsMeasurement Standards and AccuracyTribology MeasurementsSurface Properties MeasurementPlastics TestingMechanical Properties of PolymersNondestructive InspectionCeramics TestingInstrument StaticsSignal ProcessingBridge TransducersUnits and StandardsMeasurement UncertaintyData Acquisition and Display SystemsVital for engineers, scientists, and technical managers in industry and government, Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering will also prove ideal for members of major engineering associations and academics and researchers at universities and laboratories.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum:2013-02-15
Mått:188 x 262 x 53 mm
Vikt:1 996 g
Format:Inbunden
Språk:Engelska
Antal sidor:1 072
Förlag:John Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN:9781118384640

Utforska kategorier

Teknik: allmänt inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

Mer om författaren

MYER KUTZ holds engineering degrees from MIT and RPI. He was vice president and general manager of Wiley's STM Division and has consulted and/or authored for most of the major professional and technical publishing houses. He is the author of nine books and the editor of more than a dozen handbooks.

Innehållsförteckning

VOLUME 2PREFACE xxiiiCONTRIBUTORS xxviiPART IV MATERIALS PROPERTIES AND TESTING 94531 Viscosity Measurement 947Ann M. Anderson, Bradford A. Bruno, and Lilla Safford Smith31.1 Viscosity Background, 94731.2 Common Units of Viscosity, 94931.3 Major Viscosity Measurement Methods, 95931.4 ASTM Standards for Measuring Viscosity, 97431.5 Questions to Ask When Selecting a Viscosity Measurement Technique, 976References, 97932 Tribology Measurements 981Prasanta Sahoo32.1 Introduction, 98232.2 Measurement of Surface Roughness, 98332.3 Measurement of Friction, 98832.4 Measurement of Wear, 99232.5 Measurement of Test Environment, 99432.6 Measurement of Material Characteristics, 99832.7 Measurement of Lubricant Characteristics, 100132.8 Wear Particle Analysis, 100432.9 Industrial Measurements, 100532.10 Summary, 100633 Corrosion Monitoring 1007Pierre R. Roberge33.1 What is Corrosion Monitoring?, 100733.2 The Role of Corrosion Monitoring, 100833.3 Corrosion Monitoring System Considerations, 1010References, 111634 Surface Properties Measurement 1121Mrinalini Mulukutla and Sandip P. Harimkar34.1 Introduction, 112134.2 Surface Properties, 112234.3 Microstructural Analysis, 112534.4 Compositional Analysis, 112834.5 Phase Analysis, 113034.6 Mechanical Testing, 113134.7 Corrosion Properties, 114134.8 Standards for Surface Engineering Measurement, 1145References, 114735 Thermal Conductivity of Engineering Materials 1151Juergen Blumm35.1 Introduction, 115135.2 Stationary Methods for Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity, 115735.3 Transient Methods for the Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity, 116335.4 Test Results on Various Engineering Materials, 1173References, 118836 Optical Methods for the Measurement of Thermal Conductivity 1189Prabhakar R. Bandaru and Max S. Aubain36.1 Thermal Boundary Resistance May Limit Accuracy in Contact-Based Thermal Conductivity (k) Measurements, 118936.2 Optical Measurements of k May Avoid Contact-Related Issues, 119236.3 Thermoreflectance (TR), 119636.4 Characteristics of Thermoreflectance from Si Thin Films—Modeling and Calibration, 119936.5 Experimental Procedures, 120236.6 Results and Discussion, 120436.7 Summary and Outlook, 1208Acknowledgments, 1209References, 120937 Selection of Metals for Structural Design 1213Matthew J. Donachie37.1 Introduction, 121437.2 Common Alloy Systems, 121537.3 What are Alloys and What Affects their Use?, 121537.4 What are the Properties of Alloys and How are Alloys Strengthened?, 121837.5 Manufacture of Alloy Articles, 122137.6 Alloy Information, 122137.7 Metals at Lower Temperatures, 123137.8 Metals at High Temperatures, 123337.9 Melting and Casting Practices, 123637.10 Forging, Forming, Powder Metallurgy, and Joining of Alloys, 124237.11 Surface Protection of Materials, 124537.12 Postservice Refurbishment and Repair, 124837.13 Alloy Selection: A Look at Possibilities, 124937.14 Level of Property Data, 125237.15 Thoughts on Alloy Systems, 125237.16 Selected Alloy Information Sources, 1259Further Readings, 126138 Mechanical Properties of Polymers 1263Daniel Liu, Jackie Rehkopf, and Maureen Reitman38.1 Microstructure and Morphology of Polymers—Amorphous Versus Crystalline, 126438.2 General Stress–Strain Behavior, 126538.3 Viscoelasticity, 127138.4 Mechanical Models of Viscoelasticity, 127238.5 Time–Temperature Dependence, 127438.6 Deformation Mechanisms, 127438.7 Crazing, 127738.8 Fracture, 127938.9 Modifying Mechanical Properties, 128438.10 Load-Bearing Applications: Creep, Fatigue Resistance, and High Strain Rate Behavior, 1285References, 129039 Electrical Properties of Polymers 1291Evaristo Riande and Ricardo Diaz-Calleja39.1 Introductory Remarks, 129139.2 Polarity and Permittivity, 129239.3 Measurements of Dielectric Permittivity, 129339.4 Polarization and Dipole Moments in Isotropic Systems, 129739.5 Thermostimulated Depolarization Currents, 131639.6 Conductivity in Polyelectrolytes and Polymer-Electrolytes as Separators for Low Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrical Batteries, 131839.7 Semiconductors and Electronic Conducting Polymers, 132439.8 Ferroelectricity, Pyroelectricity, and Piezoelectricity in Polymers, 132839.9 Nonlinear Polarization in Polymers, 133139.10 Elastomers for Actuators and Sensors, 133339.11 Electrical Breakdown in Polymers, 1336References, 133840 Nondestructive Inspection 1343Robert L. Crane and Jeremy S. Knopp40.1 Introduction, 134440.2 Liquid Penetrants, 134740.3 Radiography, 135140.4 Ultrasonic Methods, 136140.5 Magnetic Particle Method, 137040.6 Thermal Methods, 137340.7 Eddy Current Methods, 1375References, 141041 Testing of Metallic Materials 1413Peter C. McKeighan41.1 Mechanical Test Laboratory, 141441.2 Tensile and Compressive Property Testing, 141841.3 Creep and Stress Relaxation Testing, 142041.4 Hardness and Impact Testing, 142241.5 Fracture Toughness Testing, 142541.6 Fatigue Testing, 142941.7 Other Mechanical Testing, 143341.8 Environmental Considerations, 1434Acknowledgments, 1436References, 143642 Ceramics Testing 1437Shawn K. McGuire and Michael G. Jenkins42.1 Introduction, 143742.2 Mechanical Testing, 143842.3 Thermal Testing, 145142.4 Nondestructive Evaluation Testing, 145842.5 Electrical Testing, 146042.6 Summary, 1461References, 146143 Plastics Testing 1463Vishu Shah43.1 Introduction, 146443.2 Mechanical Properties, 146443.3 Thermal Properties, 148143.4 Electrical Properties, 148443.5 Weathering Properties, 148843.6 Optical Properties, 1492Further Readings, 149644 Testing and Instrumental Analysis for Plastics Processing: Key Characterization Techniques 1499Maria del Pilar Noriega44.1 FTIR Spectroscopy, 149944.2 Chromatography (GC, GC-MSD, GC-FID, and HPLC), 150044.3 DSC and Thermogravimetry (TGA), 151044.4 Rheometry, 1518References, 152745 Analytical Tools for Estimation of Particulate Composite Material Properties 1529Tarek I. Zohdi and Magd E. Zohdi45.1 Introduction, 152945.2 Concepts in Statistical Quality Control, 153045.3 Effective Property Estimates, 153145.4 Summary, 1535References, 1537PART V INSTRUMENTATION 153946 Instrument Statics 1541Jerry Lee Hall, Sriram Sundararajan, and Mahmood Naim46.1 Terminology, 154146.2 Static Calibration, 154446.3 Statistics in the Measurement Process, 1547References, 157047 Input and Output Characteristics 1573Adam C. Bell47.1 Introduction, 157447.2 Familiar Examples of Input–Output Interactions, 157547.3 Energy, Power, Impedance, 157847.4 Operating Point of Static Systems, 158647.5 Transforming the Operating Point, 159847.6 Measurement Systems, 160247.7 Distributed Systems in Brief, 160747.8 Concluding Remarks, 1609References, 161048 Bridge Transducers 1611Patrick L. Walter48.1 Terminology, 161248.2 Flexural Devices in Measurement Systems, 161248.3 The Resistance Strain Gage, 161548.4 The Wheatstone Bridge, 162548.5 Resistance Bridge Balance Methods, 163448.6 Resistance Bridge Transducer Measurement System Calibration, 163648.7 Resistance Bridge Transducer Measurement System Considerations, 164648.8 AC Impedance Bridge Transducers, 1655References, 1660Further Readings, 166149 Signal Processing 1663John Turnbull49.1 Frequency-Domain Analysis of Linear Systems, 166349.2 Basic Analog Filters, 166649.3 Basic Digital Filter, 167249.4 Stability and Phase Analysis, 168049.5 Extracting Signal from Noise, 1682References, 168350 Data Acquisition and Display Systems 1685Philip C. Milliman50.1 Introduction, 168650.2 Data Acquisition, 168750.3 Process Data Acquisition, 168850.4 Data Conditioning, 169150.5 Data Storage, 169950.6 Data Display and Reporting, 170450.7 Data Analysis, 170750.8 Data Communications, 170850.9 Other Data Acquisition and Display Topics, 171250.10 Summary, 1715References, 1715PART VI MEASUREMENT STANDARDS 151751 Mathematical and Physical Units, Standards, and Tables 1719Jack H. Westbrook51.1 Symbols and Abbreviations, 1720Bibliography for Letter Symbols, 1731Bibliography for Graphic Symbols, 173751.2 Mathematical Tables, 174251.3 Statistical Tables, 176551.4 Units and Standards, 1775Bibliography for Units and Measurements, 180251.5 Tables of Conversion Factors, 180251.6 Standard Sizes, 183351.7 Standard Screws, 188652 Measurement Uncertainty 1911David Clippinger52.1 Introduction, 191152.2 Literature, 191452.3 Evaluation of Uncertainty, 191552.4 Discussion, 1924Disclaimer, 1924References, 192553 Measurements 1927E. L. Hixson and E. A. Ripperger53.1 Standards and Accuracy, 192753.2 Impedance Concepts, 193053.3 Error Analysis, 1935References, 1942INDEX I-1