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      1. Naturvetenskap och teknik
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      Ion Exchange in Environmental Processes

      Fundamentals, Applications and Sustainable Technology

      AvArup K. SenGupta

      Inbunden, Engelska, 2017

      2 024 kr

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      E-bok

      2 319 kr

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      Beskrivning

      Provides a comprehensive introduction to ion exchange for beginners and in-depth coverage of the latest advances for those already in the fieldAs environmental and energy related regulations have grown, ion exchange has assumed a dominant role in offering solutions to many concurrent problems both in the developed and the developing world. Written by an internationally acknowledged leader in ion exchange research and innovation, Ion Exchange: in Environmental Processes is both a comprehensive introduction to the science behind ion exchange and an expert assessment of the latest ion exchange technologies. Its purpose is to provide a valuable reference and learning tool for virtually anyone working in ion exchange or interested in becoming involved in that incredibly fertile field.Written for beginners as well as those already working the in the field, Dr. SenGupta provides stepwise coverage, advancing from ion exchange fundamentals to trace ion exchange through the emerging area of hybrid ion exchange nanotechnology (or polymeric/inorganic ion exchangers). Other topics covered include ion exchange kinetics, sorption and desorption of metals and ligands, solid-phase and gas-phase ion exchange, and more. Connects state-of-the-art innovations in such a way as to help researchers and process scientists get a clear picture of how ion exchange fundamentals can lead to new applicationsCovers the design of selective or smart ion exchangers for targeted applications—an area of increasing importance—including solid and gas phase ion exchange processesProvides in-depth discussion on intraparticle diffusion controlled kinetics for selective ion exchangeFeatures a chapter devoted to exciting developments in the areas of hybrid ion exchange nanotechnology or polymeric/inorganic ion exchangersWritten for those just entering the field of ion exchange as well as those involved in developing the “next big thing” in ion exchange systems, Ion Exchange in Environmental Processes is a valuable resource for students, process engineers, and chemists working in an array of industries, including mining, microelectronics, pharmaceuticals, energy, and wastewater treatment, to name just a few.

      Produktinformation

      • Utgivningsdatum:2017-09-29
      • Mått:183 x 257 x 41 mm
      • Vikt:998 g
      • Format:Inbunden
      • Språk:Engelska
      • Antal sidor:496
      • Förlag:John Wiley & Sons Inc
      • ISBN:9781119157397

      Utforska kategorier

      • Kemi inom Naturvetenskap och teknik
      • Byggnadsteknik inom Naturvetenskap och teknik
      • Tillverkningsteknik inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

      Mer om författaren

      Arup K. SenGupta, PhD is the P.C. Rossin Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering at Lehigh University. Over the last 35 years he has studied, learned, taught and conducted extensive research into nearly every facet of ion exchange. Dr. SenGupta is recognized as the inventor of hybrid ion exchange nanotechnology (HIX-Nano) that offers enhanced separation through the Donnan Membrane Principle. HIX-Nano materials are currently in use in six different countries including the USA to remove arsenic, fluoride and phosphate from contaminated water and waste water. In 2004, Dr. SenGupta received the International Ion Exchange Award at Cambridge University in England. He was the North American Editor of the Reactive and Functionalized Polymers Journal from 1996-2006.

      Innehållsförteckning

      • Preface xiiiAcknowledgment xvii1 Ion Exchange and Ion Exchangers: An Introduction 11.1 Historical Perspective 11.2 Water and Ion Exchange: An Eternal Kinship 61.3 Constituents of an Ion Exchanger 91.4 What is Ion Exchange and What it is Not? 101.5 Genesis of Ion Exchange Capacity 121.5.1 Inorganic 121.5.2 Organic/Polymeric Ion Exchanger 131.5.3 Strong-Base Type I and Type II Anion Exchanger 201.6 Biosorbent, Liquid Ion Exchanger, and Solvent Impregnated Resin 231.6.1 Biosorbent 231.6.2 Liquid Ion Exchange 251.6.3 Solvent-Impregnated Resins 271.7 Amphoteric Inorganic Ion Exchangers 281.8 Ion Exchanger versus Activated Carbon: Commonalities and Contrasts 331.9 Ion Exchanger Morphologies 341.10 Widely Used Ion Exchange Processes 341.10.1 Softening 351.10.2 Deionization or Demineralization 40Summary 44References 452 Ion Exchange Fundamentals 502.1 Physical Realities 502.2 Swelling/Shrinking: Ion Exchange Osmosis 512.3 Ion Exchange Equilibrium 552.3.1 Genesis of Non-Ideality 572.4 Other Equilibrium Constants and Equilibrium Parameters 592.4.1 Corrected Selectivity Coefficient 592.4.2 Selectivity Coefficient, K IX se 602.4.3 Separation Factor (α A B) 602.4.4 Separation Factor: Homovalent Ion Exchange 612.4.5 Separation Factor: Heterovalent Exchange 622.4.6 Physical Reality of Selectivity Reversal: Role of Le Châtelier’s Principle 652.4.7 Equilibrium Constant: Inconsistencies and Potential Pitfalls 662.5 Electrostatic Interaction: Genesis of Counterion Selectivity 692.5.1 Monovalent–Monovalent Coulombic Interaction 692.6 Ion Exchange Capacity: Isotherms 732.6.1 Batch Technique 752.6.2 Regenerable Mini-Column Method 792.6.3 Step-Feed Frontal Column Run 812.7 The Donnan Membrane Effect in Ion Exchanger 842.7.1 Coion Invasion or Electrolyte Penetration 842.7.2 Role of Cross-linking 902.7.3 Genesis of the Donnan Potential 902.8 Weak-Acid and Weak-Base Ion Exchange Resins 922.8.1 pKa Values of Weak Ion Exchange Resins 942.8.2 Weak-Acid and Weak-Base Functional Groups 962.9 Regeneration 982.9.1 Selectivity Reversal in Heterovalent Ion Exchange 1002.9.2 pH Swings 1012.9.3 Ligand Exchange with Metal Oxides 1052.9.4 Use of Co-Solvent 1062.9.5 Dual-Temperature Regeneration 1082.9.6 Carbon Dioxide Regeneration 1112.9.7 Regeneration with Water 1122.10 Resin Degradation and Trace Toxin Formation 1122.10.1 Formation of Trace Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from Resin Degradation 1142.11 Ion Exclusion and Ion Retardation 1152.11.1 Ion Exclusion 1152.11.2 Ion Retardation 1162.12 Zwitterion and Amino Acid Sorption 1182.12.1 Interaction with a Cation Exchanger: Role of pH 1192.13 Solution Osmotic Pressure and Ion Exchange 1212.14 Ion Exchanger as a Catalyst 124Summary 126References 1273 Trace Ion Exchange 1303.1 Genesis of Selectivity 1303.2 Trace Isotherms 1363.3 Multi-Component Equilibrium 1383.4 Agreement with Henry’s Law 1403.5 Multiple Trace Species: Genesis of Elution Chromatography 1433.5.1 Determining Separation Factor from Elution Chromatogram 1433.6 Uphill Transport of Trace Ions: Donnan Membrane Effect 1493.7 Trace Leakage 1513.8 Trace Fouling by Natural Organic Matter 1533.9 Ion Exchange Accompanied by Chemical Reaction 1563.9.1 Precipitation 1563.9.2 Complexation 1573.9.3 Redox Reaction 1573.10 Monovalent–Divalent Selectivity 1583.10.1 Effect of Charge Separation: Mechanistic Explanation 1583.10.2 Nitrate/Sulfate and Chloride/Sulfate Selectivity in Anion Exchange 1603.10.3 Genesis of Nitrate-Selective Resin 1623.10.4 Chromate Ion Selectivity 1643.11 Entropy-Driven Selective Ion Exchange: The Case of Hydrophobic Ionizable Organic Compound (HIOC) 1663.11.1 Focus of the Study and Related Implications 1673.11.2 Nature of Solute–Sorbent and Solute–Solvent Interactions 1693.11.3 Experimental Observations: Stoichiometry, Affinity Sequence, and Cosolvent Effect 1733.11.4 Energetics of the Sorption Process 1773.11.5 Unifying Hydrophobic Interaction: From Gas–Liquid to Liquid–Solid System 1793.11.6 Effect of Polymer Matrix and Solute Hydrophobicity 1823.12 Linear Free Energy Relationship and Relative Selectivity 1833.13 Simultaneous Removal of Target Metal Cations and Anions 1863.14 Deviation from Henry’s Law 1883.14.1 Ions Forming Polynuclear Species 1883.15 Tunable Sorption Behaviors of Amphoteric Metal Oxides 1923.16 Ion Sieving 1953.17 Trace Ion Removal 2013.17.1 Uranium(VI) 2013.17.2 Radium 2033.17.3 Boron 2043.17.4 Perchlorate (ClO − 4) 2053.17.5 Emerging Contaminants of Concern and Multi-Contaminant Systems 2083.17.6 Arsenic and Phosphorus: As(V), P(V), and As(III) 2103.17.7 Fluoride (F −) 214Summary 215References 2164 Ion Exchange Kinetics: Intraparticle Diffusion 2244.1 Role of Selectivity 2244.2 State of Water Molecules inside Ion Exchange Materials 2324.3 Activation Energy Level in Ion Exchangers: Chemical Kinetics 2354.3.1 Activation Energy Determination from Experimental Results 2364.4 Physical Anatomy of an Ion Exchanger: Gel, Macroporous and Fibrous Morphology 2424.4.1 Gel-Type Ion Exchanger Beads 2424.4.2 Macroporous Ion Exchanger Beads 2434.4.3 Ion Exchange Fibers 2464.5 Column Interruption Test: Determinant of Diffusion Mechanism 2484.6 Observations Related to Ion Exchange Kinetics 2504.6.1 Effect of Concentration on Half-time (t 1¨M2) 2514.6.2 Major Differences in Ion Exchange Rate 2524.6.3 Chemically Similar Counterions with Significant Differences in Intraparticle Diffusivity 2524.6.4 Effect of Competing Ion Concentrations: Gel versus Macroporous 2544.6.5 Intraparticle Diffusion during Regeneration 2554.6.6 Shell Progressive Kinetics versus Slow Diffusing Species 2554.7 Interdiffusion Coefficients for Intraparticle Diffusion 2574.8 Trace Ion Exchange Kinetics 2644.8.1 Chlorophenols as the Target Trace Ions 2644.8.2 Intraparticle Diffusion inside a Macroporous Ion Exchanger 2664.8.3 Effect of Sorption Affinity on Intraparticle Diffusion 2684.8.4 Solute Concentration Effect 2714.9 Rectangular Isotherms and Shell Progressive Kinetics 2724.9.1 Anomalies in Arrival Sequence of Solutes 2744.9.2 Quantitative Interpretation 2754.10 Responses to Observations in Section 4.6 2764.10.1 Effect of Concentration on Half-time (t 1¨M2) 2764.10.2 Slow Kinetics of Weak-Acid Resin 2774.10.3 Chemically Similar Counterions: Drastic Difference in Intraparticle Diffusivity 2774.10.4 Gel versus Macroporous 2784.10.5 Intraparticle Diffusion during Regeneration 2784.10.6 Shrinking Core or Shell Progressive Kinetics 2794.11 Rate-Limiting Step: Dimensionless Numbers 2804.11.1 Implications of Biot Number: Trace Ion Exchange 2814.12 Intraparticle Diffusion: From Theory to Practice 2844.12.1 Reducing Diffusion Path Length: Short-Bed Process and Shell–Core Resins 2854.12.2 Development of Bifunctional Diphonix ® Resin 2884.12.3 Ion Exchanger as a Host for Enhanced Kinetics 289Summary 292References 2935 Solid- and Gas-Phase Ion Exchange 2975.1 Solid-Phase Ion Exchange 2975.1.1 Poorly Soluble Solids 2975.1.2 Desalting by Ion Exchange Induced Precipitation 3035.1.3 Separation of Competing Solid Phases 3055.1.4 Recovery from Ion Exchange Sites of Soil 3065.1.5 Composite or Cloth-like Ion Exchanger (CIX) 3075.1.6 Heavy Metals (Me 2+) with Solids Possessing High Buffer Capacity 3095.1.7 Ligand-Induced Metal Recovery with a Chelating Exchanger 3155.2 Coagulant Recovery from Water Treatment Sludge 3175.2.1 Development of Donnan IX Membrane Process 3185.2.2 Alum Recovery: Governing Donnan Equilibrium 3185.2.3 Process Validation 3225.3 Gas Phase Ion Exchange 3235.3.1 Sorption of Acidic and Basic Gases 3245.3.2 CO2 and SO2 Capture with Weak-Base Anion (WBA) Exchanger 3255.3.3 Effect of Ion Exchanger Morphology 3275.3.4 Redox Active Gases: Hydrogen Sulfide and Oxygen 3305.4 CO2 Gas as a Regenerant for IX Softening Processes: A Case Study 334Summary 339References 3406 Hybrid Ion Exchange Nanotechnology (HIX-Nanotech) 3456.1 Magnetically Active Polymer Particles (MAPPs) 3476.1.1 Characterization of MAPPs 3516.1.2 Factors Affecting Acquired Magnetic Activity 3536.1.3 Retention of Magnetic Activity and Sorption Behavior 3556.2 Hybrid Nanosorbents for Selective Sorption of Ligands (e.g., HIX-NanoFe) 3576.2.1 Synthesis of Hybrid Ion Exchange Nanomaterials 3596.2.2 Characterization of Hybrid Nanosorbents 3616.2.3 Parent Anion Exchanger versus Hybrid Anion Exchanger (HAIX-NanoFe(III)): A Comparison 3636.2.4 Support of Hybrid Ion Exchangers: Cation versus Anion 3656.2.5 Efficiency of Regeneration and Field Application 3696.2.6 Hybrid Ion Exchange Fibers: Simultaneous Perchlorate and Arsenic Removal 3706.3 HAIX-NanoZr(IV): Simultaneous Defluoridation and Desalination 3766.3.1 Field-Scale Validation 3776.4 Promise of HIX-Nanotechnology 381Summary 383References 3847 Heavy Metal Chelation and Polymeric Ligand Exchange 3917.1 Heavy Metals and Chelating Ion Exchangers 3917.1.1 Heavy Metals: What are They? 3917.1.2 Properties of Heavy Metals and Separation Strategies 3937.1.3 Emergence of Chelating Exchangers 3957.1.4 Lewis Acid–Base Interactions in Chelating Ion Exchangers 3987.1.5 Regeneration, Kinetics and Metals Affinity 4027.2 Polymeric Ligand Exchange 4057.2.1 Conceptualization and Characterization of the Polymeric Ligand Exchanger (ple) 4067.2.2 Sorption of Polymeric Ligand Exchangers 4077.2.3 Validation of Ligand Exchange Mechanism 410Summary 413References 4138 Synergy and Sustainability 4178.1 Waste Acid Neutralization: An Introduction 4178.1.1 Underlying Scientific Concept 4188.1.2 Mechanical Work through a Cyclic Engine 4218.2 Improving Stability of Anaerobic Biological Reactors 4238.2.1 Potential Use of Selective Ion Exchanger 4248.2.2 Ion Exchange Fibers: Characterization and Performance 4248.3 Sustainable Aluminum-Cycle Softening for Hardness Removal 4298.3.1 Current Status and Challenges 4298.3.2 Sodium-Free Approaches and Alternatives to Na-Cycle Softening 4298.3.3 Underlying Scientific Approach of Al-cycle Cation Exchange 4308.3.4 Comparison in Performance: Na-Cycle versus Al-Cycle 4328.3.5 Regeneration Efficiency and Calcium Removal Capacity 4368.3.6 Sustainability Issues and New Opportunities 4388.4 Closure 438Summary 439References 440A Commercial Ion Exchangers 445B Different Units of Capacity, Concentration, Mass, and Volume 457B.1 Capacity 457B.2 Concentration (Expressed as CaCO 3) 457B.3 Mass 458B.4 Volume 458C Table of Solubility Product constants at 25 ∘ c 459D Acid and Base dissociation constants at 25 ∘ c 461Periodic Table and Atomic Weights of Elements 463Index 467
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