Organic Electroluminescence

Qisheng Zhang is a Professor in the Department of Polymer Science and Engineering at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China. He pursued his PhD at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, China during 2001-2005, and began his research on high efficiency and low cost organic electroluminescent materials since then. Le Zhang graduated from the department of physical electronics of Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan with a PhD degree in 2013. Since then, his main research interests are organic semiconducting materials, device physics, charge/exciton dynamics, and advanced characterization methods. He is now the CTO of Zhejiang Hongwu Technology.

• List of Contributors ixPreface xiii1 Fundamentals of Organic Light-Emitting Diode 1Chin H. Chen1.1 Brief History 11.2 Characterization and Measurements 31.3 OLED Materials 131.4 Device Structures 231.5 OLED Applications 331.6 Summary and Outlook 40Acknowledgment 40References 412 Fabrication Techniques from OLED Devices to Displays 53Lixin Xiao, Bo Li, Jing Xiao, Zhenyu Tang, Mengying Bian, Xing Xing2.1 Basic Fabrication Processes 542.2 OLED Display Architecture 602.3 Main Fabrication Processes of OLED Displays 662.4 Summary and Outlook 70Acknowledgment 70References 703 Physical Processes in OLEDs 73Taiju Tsuboi, Qisheng Zhang3.1 Introduction 733.2 Charge Injection and Transport 733.3 Exciton Generation and Decay 823.4 Energy Transfer 883.5 Exciton–Exciton and Exciton–Polaron Annihilation 943.6 Molecular Self-Aggregation and Diffusion 100References 1184 Chemical Reactions in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes 121Guijie Li, Qingshan Chu4.1 Water and Oxygen Molecule-Induced Chemical Reaction 1224.2 Electrochemical Reactions 1254.3 Photochemical Reactions 1364.4 Summary and Outlooks 142Acknowledgment 143References 1435 Physical and Chemical Properties of Organic Semiconductors in Solutions and Thin Films 147Qingyu Meng, Shuer Tan, Xueliang Wen, Juan Qiao5.1 Photophysical Properties 1475.2 Thermal Stability 1575.3 Molecular Stability in Excited States 1635.4 Molecular Stability in Charged States 1725.5 Concluding Remarks 179Acknowledgment 180References 1806 Basic Physical Parameters of Single Emitting Molecules 189Taiju Tsuboi6.1 Introduction 1896.2 Dipole Moment 1896.3 Zero–Zero Energy of Low-Lying Excited States 1936.4 Radiative Transition Rate 2026.5 Internal Conversion Rate 2086.6 ISC Rate 2146.7 IP and EA 217Acknowledgment 223References 2237 Molecular Interactions in Organic Semiconductor Thin Films 227Dan Wang, Taiju Tsuboi, Qisheng Zhang7.1 Introduction 2277.2 Bimolecular Processes 2277.3 Photophysical Properties of Solid Films 2387.4 Intermolecular Interaction-Controlled IP and EA 252References 2598 Quantum–Chemical Insight into Electronic Excitation 263Zhou Lin, Luyi Zou, Yuezhi Mao, Hong-Zhou Ye, Qiang Gao, Tengfei He, Jun Yi, Yuannan Chen8.1 Geometric and Electronic Configurations 2638.2 Transitions between States 2738.3 Vibrational Spectroscopy 2808.4 Excimers and Exciplexes 2838.5 Exciton Diffusion 288References 2909 Single Molecule Simulation 293Luyi Zou9.1 An Introduction to Common Quantum Chemistry Calculation Methods 2939.2 Geometric and Electronic Structures of Ground, Oxidation, Reduction, and Excited States 3009.3 Decay of the Excited State 3149.4 Bond Dissociation Energy 328Acknowledgments 332References 33210 Condensed-Matter Simulation 337Haitao Sun, Zhubin Hu10.1 Introduction 33710.2 Energy Levels of Dimer 33910.3 Bimolecular Arrangement 34010.4 Molecular Orientation 34410.5 Solid-State Solvation 34710.6 Charge-Carrier Mobility 35910.7 Summaries and Outlook 363Acknowledgments 364References 36411 Studies of OLED Device Performance Using Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations 377R. Coehoorn, P.A. Bobbert11.1 Introduction 37711.2 Simulation Method 38011.3 KMC Simulation Studies of the Charge Carrier Mobility 38611.4 Relationships Between Mechanistic and Phenomenological Simulation Parameters 39111.5 Methods for Obtaining the Input Parameters 39611.6 Application Example 39911.7 Concluding Remarks 405Acknowledgments 405References 40612 Optical Simulation and Optimization of OLEDs 413Honggang Gu, Linya Chen, Ke Ding, Yu Gu, Shiyuan Liu12.1 Introduction 41312.2 Optical Theories of OLEDs 41412.3 Optical Optimization of OLEDs 42112.4 Optical Simulation of TDMs 42612.5 Optical Simulation of an AMOLED Display 42912.6 Summary and Outlook 430Acknowledgments 431References 431Index 435