Advances in Thermodynamics and Circular Thermoeconomics

Michel Feidt is Professor at the University Henri Poincaré, France. His research interests focus on ultra-high vacuum physics and optimization of heat exchangers in energy systems and processes.Antonio Valero-Capilla is Emeritus Professor at the University of Zaragoza, Spain, Chair in Thermal Systems and a Full Member of the Club of Rome. His research interests are focused on thermoeconomics and exergoecology.

• Foreword xiMichel FEIDTIntroduction xiiiMichel FEIDT and Antonio VALERO-CAPILLAChapter 1 From Equilibrium Thermodynamics to Irreversible Thermodynamics 1Michel FEIDT1.1 Recent emergence of thermodynamics: from heat to engines 11.1.1 Heat and temperature 11.1.2 Matter and chemical reactions 21.1.3 Mechanical energy 31.1.4 Heat–work equivalence 41.2 From engines to concepts (work by Carnot) 51.2.1 The steam engine and other engines 51.2.2 The Carnot cycle 51.2.3 Carnot efficiency 81.2.4 Engine power 81.3 From thermostatics to thermodynamics 91.3.1 The basics of thermodynamics 101.3.2 Thermodynamic transformation 141.3.3 Energy transfers and conversion 181.3.4 Generalization of cycle and efficiency concepts 221.4 Case study: the Carnot engine 251.4.1 Energy and entropy balances 251.4.2 Entropy production and energy efficiency 271.5 First conclusions and perspectives 341.6 References 35Chapter 2 Two-Heat-Source Thermodynamic Cycles: Representation as a Ternary Diagram 37Julien RAMOUSSE2.1 Introduction to two-heat-source systems 372.2 Definitions and convention 382.2.1 Work and heat 382.2.2 Sign convention 392.2.3 Heat source/sink 402.2.4 First-law balance 402.2.5 Second-law balance 412.3 Graphic representations — state of the art 442.3.1 Q-T diagram 452.3.2 Borel and Favrat diagram 462.3.3 Raveau diagram 492.4 Ternary diagram 502.4.1 Ternary diagram representation 512.4.2 Interpretation using polar coordinates 562.5 Application examples 622.5.1 Endo-reversible (exo-irreversible) two-heat-source systems 632.5.2 Exo-reversible (endo-irreversible) two-heat-source systems 662.5.3 General case — endo- and exo-irreversible systems 712.6 Conclusion and prospects 742.7 References 77Chapter 3 Thermodynamics with Finite Speed 79Stoian PETRESCU and Monica COSTEA3.1 Introduction 793.2 First developments of TFS (1964–1974) 803.2.1 The origin of TFS 803.2.2 Fundamental concepts 823.2.3 The first law of thermodynamics for finite-speed processes in simple systems 853.2.4 First approach to Beau de Rochas and Otto's finite speed irreversible cycle 923.3 Developments of TFS during the period 1990–2007 943.3.1 First law of thermodynamics for finite speed processes in complex closed systems 943.3.2 The direct method of TFS 983.4 Main achievements of TFS and the direct method 993.4.1 Modeling and optimization of the Stirling engine cycle 993.4.2 Optimization of the Carnot engine irreversible cycle 1083.4.3 Effect of irreversibilities on the efficiency of the Beau de Rochas–Otto cycle at finite speed 1123.4.4 Optimization of diesel cycle efficiency at finite speed 1133.5 New developments and extension of TFS 1153.6 International recognition of TFS and the direct method 1173.7 Conclusion 1173.8 References 118Chapter 4 Finite Physical Dimensions Thermodynamics 125Michel FEIDT4.1 Introduction 1254.2 The Carnot engine according to equilibrium thermodynamics 1264.2.1 Equilibrium thermodynamics and heat losses 1264.2.2 Exo-reversible Carnot engine (endo-irreversible) 1284.2.3 Power of the exo-reversible Carnot engine 1294.3 The Chambadal engine model (1957) 1304.3.1 Optimization of the modified Chambadal engine without source-converter heat transfer coupling constraint 1314.3.2 Optimization of the modified Chambadal engine, with the transfer entropy constraint 1334.3.3 Section conclusion 1344.4 The Curzon–Ahlborn model (1975) 1344.4.1 Optimization of mechanical energy 1364.4.2 Optimization of mechanical power 1384.5 Finite speed thermodynamics 1394.5.1 Introduction 1394.5.2 Expression of the first law of thermodynamics for finite speed processes 1404.5.3 Extension of the method 1404.6 Finite physical dimensions optimal thermodynamics: case without coupling of sources and sinks with the converter 1414.7 Finite physical dimensions optimal thermodynamics: case with source and sink coupling with the converter 1434.7.1 Irreversible Carnot engine with finite source and sink 1454.7.2 Irreversible Carnot engine with finite converter 1454.8 Chapter conclusion 1474.9 Appendix 1484.10 References 149Chapter 5 Circular Thermoeconomics: A Waste Cost Accounting Theory 151Antonio VALERO-CAPILLA and César TORRES5.1 Introduction 1525.1.1 Toward a general theory of process efficiency 1555.1.2 Basic concepts 1575.2 The exergy cost theory 1595.2.1 The principle of non-equivalence of local irreversibilities 1665.2.2 The cost formation process of waste 1685.2.3 Waste flows cost allocation 1725.2.4 Exergy cost computation 1755.3 Structural theory of thermoeconomics 1785.3.1 Marginal cost equations 1825.3.2 Linear model of characteristic equations 1845.4 Structural theory and exergy cost 1855.4.1 The flow-process model 1895.4.2 The characteristic equations of exergy cost theory 1945.4.3 The fuel impact formula 1975.4.4 Cost decomposition 1985.4.5 Efficiency and recycling 2015.5 Conclusion 2045.5.1 The structural theory 2045.5.2 Circular economy and industrial symbiosis 2065.6 References 210Chapter 6 The Relative Free Energy Function: A New Approach to Thermoeconomic Diagnosis 215Antonio VALERO-CAPILLA and César TORRES6.1 Introduction 2166.2 Drawbacks of exergy 2196.3 The relative free energy function 2206.4 h-s deterioration(s) path(s) of an energy system 2236.5 The Legendre transform of a deterioration path 2246.6 Conclusion 2296.7 Epilogue 2326.8 References 236List of Authors 239Index 241