Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells

Hongwei Han is a Professor at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. He is the inventor of printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells. Michael Grätzel is a Professor at Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne. He is a pioneer in the field of molecular photovoltaics and the development of perovskite solar cells. Anyi Mei, PhD, is a Professor at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. His research is focused on printed mesoscopic solar cell materials and devices. Yue Hu, PhD, is an Associate Professor at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Her research interest is dye-sensitized solar cells and perovskite solar cells.

• Biography xiPreface xiii1 Background and Basic Knowledge of Perovskite Solar Cells 1Maria Vasilopoulou, Abd Rashid B. Mohd Yusoff, and Mohammad K. Nazeeruddin1.1 Background 11.2 The Principle of Solar Cells 21.2.1 Silicon Solar Cells 21.2.2 Dye-sensitized Solar Cells 71.2.3 Organic Solar Cells 91.2.4 Perovskite Solar Cells 111.3 The Typical Structures of PSC 131.3.1 Mesoscopic Structure 131.3.2 Triple-mesoscopic Layer Structure 141.3.3 Regular Planar n-i-p Structure 151.3.4 Inverted Planar p-i-n Structure 15References 152 Characterization Methods and Technologies for Halide Perovskite Materials and Devices 19Lukas Wagner, Dmitry Bogachuk, Cheng Qiu, Gayathri Mathiazhagan, Salma Zouhair, and Andreas Hinsch2.1 Introduction 192.2 Printing Layer Quality 192.2.1 Thickness Measurement 192.2.1.1 Profilometry 202.2.1.2 Sem 202.2.1.3 Ellipsometry 202.2.2 Porosity Estimation 212.2.2.1 Gas Adsorption (BET Method) 212.2.2.2 SEM/FIB 3D Nanotomography 222.2.3 Sheet Resistance 232.2.3.1 Four-point Probe Measurement 232.2.4 Shunt Resistance of Unfilled Cell 242.3 Material and Crystal Properties 252.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis 252.3.2 UV–Vis–NIR Spectroscopy 252.3.3 Raman Shift Spectroscopy 262.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) 282.3.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 282.3.4.2 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) 302.3.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 312.3.6 Contact Angle Measurement 322.4 Spatially Resolved Steady-state Photophysical Methods 332.4.1 Photoluminescence Microscopy Imaging 342.4.2 Microscopic Photoluminescence Spectroscopy Mapping 352.4.3 Electroluminescence Imaging 362.4.4 Bias-dependent Photoluminescence Imaging 372.4.5 Real-time Photoluminescence Measurement 372.4.6 Dark Lock-in Thermography (DLIT) 392.4.7 Light-Beam-Induced Current (LBIC) 422.5 Transient Optoelectronic Methods 422.5.1 Intensity-modulated Photocurrent/Photovoltage Spectroscopy (imps/imvs) 422.5.2 Transient Photocurrent/Photovoltage (TPC/TPV) 432.5.3 Open-circuit Voltage Decay (OCVD) Analysis for Shunt Detection 442.5.4 Transient Absorption Spectroscopy (TAS) 452.5.5 Time-resolved Photoluminescence (TRPL) 462.5.5.1 Typical Setup: Pulsed (Transient) Excitation 462.5.5.2 Alternative Setup: Steady-state Excitation 462.5.5.3 Some Notes on Sample Preparation 492.5.6 Note on the Extension to Spatially Resolved Measurements 502.6 I–V Performance: Transient and Steady State 502.6.1 I–V Characterization 502.6.2 I–V Hysteresis 512.6.3 Stabilized Efficiency Measurement 522.6.4 Spectral Response/External Quantum Efficiency (SR/EQE) 522.6.5V Oc Vs. Light Intensity Measurement 542.6.6 Effect of Parallel and Series Resistance R p 552.6.7 Effect of Saturation Current J 01 and J 02 562.6.8 Certification of PV Performance 572.6.9 Long-term Stability Measurement 58References 593 Printable Processing Technologies for Perovskite Solar Cells 65Daiyu Li, Anyi Mei, Yue Hu, and Hongwei Han3.1 Introduction 653.2 Solution-Based Technologies 673.2.1 Spin Coating 673.2.2 Blade Coating 683.2.3 Slot-Die Coating 693.2.4 Bar Coating 723.2.5 Spray Coating 733.2.6 Inkjet Printing 753.2.7 Screen Printing 763.2.8 Chemical Bath Deposition 783.2.9 Soft-Cover Deposition 793.2.10 Brush Painting 803.3 Conclusion and Outlook 82References 834 Mesoscopic Anodes and Cathodes for Printable Perovskite Solar Cells 89Seigo Ito and Ryuki Tsuji4.1 Introduction 894.2 Fabrication Methods 904.3 Comact Layer (TiO2) 924.4 Mesoporous Anodes (n-Type Semiconductor: TiO2 ,etc.) 954.5 Mesoporous Cathodes (NiO and Co3 O4) 994.6 Back-Contact Porous Carbon 1004.7 Photovoltaic Measurements 1024.8 Conclusion 103References 1035 Insulating Layers for Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells 105Jian Zhang, Dongjie Wang, and Yuli Xiong5.1 Introduction 1055.2 ZrO2 -Insulating Mesoscopic Layers 1065.3 Al2 O3 -Insulating Mesoscopic Layers 1175.4 SiO2 -Insulating Mesoscopic Layers 1215.5 Multilayer Insulating Mesoscopic Layers 1245.5.1 Al2 O3 + ZrO2 1245.5.2 Al2 O3 + NiO 1265.5.3 ZrO2 + NiO 1285.6 Conclusion and Perspective 130References 1326 Perovskite Materials and Perovskite Solar Cells 137Maria Vasilopoulou, Abd Rashid B. Mohd Yusoff, and Mohammad K. Nazeeruddin6.1 Perovskite Materials 1376.1.1 3D Halide Perovskites 1376.1.2 2D Halide Perovskites 1426.1.3 Synthesis of Halide Perovskites 1446.2 Compositional and Interfacial Engineering of Perovskite Solar Cells 1476.2.1 Solvent Engineering 1476.2.2 Cation Optimization 1506.2.3 Halide Optimization 1516.2.4 Stoichiometric and Nonstoichiometric Compositions 1516.2.5 The Influence of Inorganic Cations on the Formation of Different Phases 1536.2.6 Halide Segregation 1556.2.7 Interface Engineering 1556.2.8 Charge Transfer Dynamics 157References 1577 The Efficiency Progress in Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells 167Xufeng Xiao, Wenhao Zhang, Qifei Wang, Wenjun Wu, and Yue Hu7.1 Introduction 1677.2 Solvent Engineering and Annealing 1697.2.1 Solvent Engineering 1697.2.2 Solvent Annealing 1747.3 Composition Engineering 1787.3.1 The A-Site Cation 1787.3.2 The B-Site Cation and X-Site Anion 1807.4 Additive Engineering 1837.4.1 Functional Molecular Additives 1837.4.2 Other Additives 1877.5 Interfaces Engineering 1907.5.1 Interface of Perovskite and Electron Transport Materials 1917.5.2 Interface of Perovskite and Counter Electrode 1937.6 Conclusion and Outlook 198References 1988 Stability Issues and Solutions for Perovskite Solar Cells 209Deyi Zhang, Anyi Mei, and Hongwei Han8.1 Substrate 2108.2 Electron Transport Layer 2108.3 Hole Transport Layer 2128.4 Back Electrode 2128.5 Encapsulant 2158.6 Halide Perovskite Light Absorbing Layer 2168.6.1 Thermal Stability 2168.6.2 Phase Stability 2178.6.3 Ambient Stability 2188.6.4 Operational Stability 2198.6.4.1 Degradation Pathways 2198.6.4.2 Heat Management 2228.6.4.3 Grain Boundary Modification 2238.6.4.4 Interface Strengthening 2238.6.4.5 Defect Degeneration 2258.6.4.6 Reverse-bias Voltages 2268.7 Summary 227References 2289 Manufacture, Modules, and Applications 237Simone Meroni and Trystan Watson9.1 Introduction 2379.2 Manufacture 2409.2.1 Screen Printing 2409.2.1.1 Ink Properties 2439.2.1.2 Mesh Characteristics 2439.2.1.3 Gap Between Screen and Substrate 2449.2.1.4 A Case Study: TiO2 2459.2.2 Deposition of the Compact TiO2 2469.2.3 Deposition of the Mesoscopic Layers 2489.2.4 Deposition of Additional Interlayers 2489.2.5 Infiltration of Perovskite 2499.3 Modules 2509.3.1 Designs 2519.3.2 Optimization 2539.3.2.1 A Simplified Approach 2539.3.2.2 2D Poisson’s Equation 2559.3.2.3 Carbon Cells and Contact Resistance 2589.4 Applications 2589.4.1 Modules Performance 2589.4.2 Encapsulation and Outdoor Performance 2599.4.3 Indoor Applications 2619.5 Summary 262References 26310 Perspective 269Xiayan Chen, Yue Hu, Anyi Mei, Yinhua Zhou, and Hongwei Han10.1 Commercializing 26910.2 Exceeding SQ Limit 27010.3 Efficiency Breaking Out of SQ Limit 273References 274Index 277