Mechanics of Flexible and Stretchable Electronics

Yong Zhu, PhD, is the Andrew A. Adams Distinguished Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at North Carolina State University (NCSU). He received his Ph.D. degrees from Northwestern University. His work has been recognized with a number of awards including James R. Rice Medal from the Society of Engineering Science, Bessel Research Award from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Zdenìk P. Bažant Medal and Gustus L. Larson Memorial Award from ASME.Nanshu Lu, PhD, is Full Professor at the University of Texas at Austin. She received her B.Eng. from Tsinghua University, Beijing, Ph.D. from Harvard University, and then Beckman Postdoctoral Fellowship at UIUC. She has been named 35 innovators under 35 by MIT Technology Review (TR 35) and iCANX/ACS Nano Inaugural Rising Star. She has received US NSF CAREER Award, US ONR and AFOSR Young Investigator Awards, 3M non-tenured faculty award, and the ASME Applied Mechanics Division Thomas J.R. Hughes Young Investigator Award. She has been selected as one of the five great innovators on campus and five world-changing women of the University of Texas at Austin.

• Preface xiiiPart I Materials 11 Extreme Mechanics of Hydrogels Toward In Situ Hydrogel Bioelectronics 3Tsz H. Wong, Xuanhe Zhao, and Shaoting Lin1.1 Introduction 31.2 Extreme Properties of Hydrogels by Polymer Network Design 51.3 Stretchable Hydrogel Conductors 141.4 Electrochemical Hydrogel Biosensors 181.5 Flexible Hydrogel Biobattery 201.6 Concluding Remarks 232 Multiscale Mechanics of Metal Nanowire-Based Stretchable Electronics 37Shuang Wu and Yong Zhu2.1 Introduction 372.2 Metal NW-Based Flexible and Stretchable Electronics 382.3 Mechanics of Individual NWs 392.4 Interfacial Mechanics of the NW-Polymer Interface 452.5 Mechanical Design of Stretchable Structures 542.6 Concluding Remarks 583 Liquid Metal-Based Electronics 69Carmel Majidi3.1 Introduction 693.2 LM Architectures 713.3 Mechanics and Modeling 763.4 Open Challenges and Future Directions 814 Mechanics of Two-Dimensional Materials 87Olugbenga Ogunbiyi and Yingchao Yang4.1 Introduction 874.2 Nanoindentation Method 904.3 AFM-Enabled Nanoindentation 934.4 In Situ Indentation in SEM 1084.5 Micro-/Nano-mechanical Devices 1114.6 Piezoelectric Tube-Driven Testing in TEM 1204.7 Bulge Testing 1214.8 Electrostatic Force Triggered Drum Structure 1244.9 Phonon Dispersion Measurement 1254.10 Summary 1265 Mechanics of Flexible and Stretchable Organic Electronics 139Abdullah Al Shafe and Brendan T. O'Connor5.1 Introduction 1395.2 Mechanical Characterization Methods 1405.3 Material Design 1455.4 Device Design 1535.5 Applications 1565.6 Conclusion 159Part II Design and Manufacturing 1716 Structural Design of Flexible and Stretchable Electronics 173Zhaoqian Xie, Zichen Zhao, and Raudel Avila6.1 Introduction 1736.2 Design of Planar Stretchable and Flexible Structures 1746.3 Design of Three-Dimensional Flexible Electronic Structures 1896.4 Design of Protective Structures for Flexible Electronic Devices 1937 Laser-Based Fabrication Process Development for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics 207Jung Jae Park, Minwoo Kim, and Seung Hwan Ko7.1 Introduction 2077.2 Representative Laser-Based Fabrication Process 2087.3 Applications Based on Laser Fabrication 2117.4 Perspectives and Conclusion 2258 Electrospinning Manufacturing of Stretchable Electronics 235Yinhui Li, Kan Li, Yunlei Zhou, and YongAn Huang8.1 Background 2358.2 High-Precision Manufacturing 2368.3 Electrospinning Stretchable Structure 2438.4 Application in Stretchable Electronics 2478.5 Conclusions 2549 Mechanics-Guided 3D Assembly of Flexible Electronics 265Guoquan Luo, Jianzhong Zhao, Xu Cheng, and Yihui Zhang9.1 Introduction 2659.2 Design Strategies of Mechanics-Guided Assembly 2669.3 Mechanics Modeling and Analyses of the 3D Assembly 2759.4 Applications of 3D Flexible Electronics 2849.5 Concluding Remarks 28710 Harnessing Wrinkling and Buckling Instabilities for Stretchable Devices and Healthcare 293Yao Zhao, Fangjie Qi, Haoze Sun, Yanbin Li, Haitao Qing, and Jie Yin10.1 Introduction 29310.2 Structural Designs and Mechanics 29410.3 Applications in Stretchable Devices 30010.4 Applications in Healthcare 30610.5 Conclusion and Outlook 311Part III Applications 31911 Spherical Indentation Behavior of Soft Electronics 321Changxian Wang, Zequn Cui, and Xiaodong Chen11.1 Spherical Indentation of the Semi-infinite Solid 32111.2 Applications in a Force-Softness Bimodal Sensor Array for Human Body Feature Identification 32811.3 Applications in a Self-Locked Young’s Modulus Sensor for Quantifying the Softness of Swollen Tissues in the Clinic 33611.4 Conclusions 34312 Mechanics of Wet Adhesion 345Jiawei Yang and Ruobing Bai12.1 Introduction 34512.2 Characterization of Adhesion 34612.3 General Principles for StrongWet Adhesion 34712.4 Methods for StrongWet Adhesion 35412.5 Mechanics ofWet Interfaces 35712.6 Summary and Outlook 36213 Electromechanics of Soft Resistive and Capacitive Tactile Sensors 373Zhengjie Li, Sangjun Kim, Zheliang Wang, Zhengtao Zhu, and Nanshu Lu13.1 Introduction 37313.2 Resistive Tactile Sensors 37813.3 Capacitive Tactile Sensors 39913.4 Resistive-Capacitive Hybrid Response Tactile Sensors 41513.5 Conclusion and Outlook 41814 Active Mechanical Haptics Constructed with Curved Origami 431Zhuang Zhang and Hanqing Jiang14.1 Introduction 43114.2 Stiffness Tuning via Curved Origami 43214.3 Theoretical Modeling and Analysis of Curved Origami 43414.4 Closed-Loop Design and System Integration of Origami 43814.5 In-hand Haptic Device 44014.6 Stiffness Perception via Active Pressing 44314.7 Body-Centered Stepping Device 44414.8 Whole-Body Stiffness Perceptions 44714.9 Discussion 44815 Mechanics of Transient Electronics 453Ankan Dutta and Huanyu Cheng15.1 Introduction 45315.2 Hydrolysis of Semiconducting Materials 45515.3 Model of Reactive Diffusion for Transient Materials 45715.4 Dissolution of the Device with Bi-layered Structures 46115.5 Conclusion 467Acknowledgments 468References 468Index 473