David T. Scheffman - Böcker
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5 produkter
5 produkter
Speculation and Monopoly in Urban Development
Analytical Foundations with Evidence for Toronto
Häftad, Engelska, 1977
259 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
The recent rapid rise in land and housing prices in Canadian cities has generated much public concern. It is widely supposed that prices have been inflated by monopolistic developers, an assumption that has never been adequately tested. This study evolves a model of the land development process which includes a new theory of land pricing giving special emphases to market structure, speculation, and taxation. It then applies the model to the first fully documented examination of the Toronto land market, presenting specific original data on ownership and land assembly. The history of the conversion of farmland to residential use in four recent Toronto subdivisions permits a close look at the activities and profits of speculative middlemen and at the length of time developers buy land prior to subdividing. The results indicate that Toronto real estate is not controlled by a few large developers, that ownership concentration is too low to imply market power even if all companies with overlapping corporate control are treated as a single firm. The authors suggest that rising prices have been caused by unforeseen increase in demand, shortages of municipally provided trunk service capacity, especially sewers, and frequent municipal reluctance to grant subdivision approvals. The book concludes with a general consideration of the role of government in land development and a number of specific policy recommendations concerning the subdivision approval process, the Ontario Land Speculation Tax, and public land banking. This study will be of great interest to urban geographers and economists, to urban planners and policy-makers, and to representatives of development corporations and urban reform groups.
232 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
This book describes and analyses the provincial government's role in municipal and regional planning. The conversion of farmland to urban and other uses is discussed, as are the issues raised by the reports of the Ontario Planning Act Review Committee and the Federal/Provincial Task Force on the Supply and Price of Serviced Residential Land and the province's Green Paper on Planning for Agriculture.The authors criticize the government's failure to conduct cost-benefit studies before setting up planning programs and show that there is little factual basis for recent alarm over the disappearance of farmland. Data gathered here for the first time show that the conversion of agricultural land to built-up urban use and non-farm rural residential use in Ontario has been taking place quite slowly in view of the rate of productivity increase in agriculture, the stock of agricultural land, and the decline in the acreage of census farms.Economists will find in this book a useful survey of recent trends and policies. Planners, policy-makers, and students will welcome this detailed case study of how economic analysis ought to be used in formulating land use policies.
266 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
This study has two parts: In the first, the economics of rational policy formulation and the economic theory of social regulation in markets for consumer goods and services are developed. Building on the economic analysis developed formerly, the second part of the study summarizes the legal basis of social regulation in Canada, summarizes and critically reviews social regulation in Ontario, and provides our policy recommendations. The latter chapters address social regulation by the provincial government in Ontario and conclude with a brief summary of the preceding chapters and statement of the major policy conclusions.This research is intended to provide four main contributions: to develop an economic analysis of social regulation in markets for consumer goods and services, examine the division of regulatory powers between the federal and provincial governments, summarize the social regulatory activities of the provincial government in Ontario, and provide an extensive bibliography of the literature relating to social regulation.
259 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
This study examines ways in which residents of Canadian cities are affected by increases in petroleum prices. The authors apply economic models of residential and industrial location to determine the response of individuals and firms to higher oil prices in the short run and the long run. The short run effects include conservation of higher price petroleum products and reduction in other expenditures; the long run effects include movement closer to employment centres, changes in urban densities, rents, and house prices, and the substitution of other forms of transit. The implications for municipal zoning, the provision of parks, the location of schools and other public facilities, and plans for road building and expressways are also considered.
1 177 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Pepsi-Cola and Coca-Cola are widely recognized as being two of the premier marketing companies in the world. They have introduced a great variety of new products and package types. They have raised celebrity advertising to a new level. Coca-Cola even changed the formula for Coke. These and other developments in the carbonated soft drink industry came about from major strategy changes by Pepsi-Cola and Coca-Cola. Rather than simply reacting to a changing competitive environment, PepsiCo and The Coca-Cola Company have created and implemented strategies that turned the new environment to their advantage. Although Pepsi-Cola attacked Coca-Cola's dominance and achieved near-parity with Coke in bottled soft drinks, both Coke and Pepsi have benefitted from fighting the Cola Wars. The battle between them has stimulated continuing growth in an industry regularly pronounced by the experts for many years to be on the verge of maturity.One widely ignored aspect of the Cola Wars is the ongoing transformation of the soft drink distribution systems of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola from systems of independent bottlers to captive bottling subsidiaries. Chandler advanced the hypothesis that successful firms develop strategies to take advantage of new opportunities, and that those strategies then determine the organizational structure required for effective implementation. We find that changes in the organization of the two leading carbonated soft drink firms' distribution systems provide support for Chandler's hypothesis. The independent bottling systems were a unique and effective organization for many decades. Changes in the external environment, however, raised the costs of transacting between the parent concentrate manufacturers and their independent bottlers. In particular, the new competitive environment required rapidly changing product and marketing strategies, and the implementation of these strategies required the close cooperation of the distribution systems. In effect, Coke and Pepsi needed to change the organization of their distribution systems to implement effectively the strategies that stimulated the new competitive environment, because the relative transaction costs of the independent bottling systems in the new environment were too high. The book presents a strategic analysis of the history of the industry.