Emilio Santoro – författare

Lineages of European Citizenship provides an historical analysis of the development of citizenship from the nineteenth to the twentieth century in Europe and the USA. The contributors focus on the role played by internal struggles for social and political inclusion in shaping the character of both the state and citizenship, and the deployment of two main political languages, loosely associated with liberalism and republicanism, in legitimizing citizens' claims. LUCA BACCELLI Associate Professor of Legal Philosophy, University of Pisa, Italy BRUNELLA CASALINI Associate Professor, Faculty of Political Science, University of Florence, Italy CARLOS CLOSA Senior Lecturer in Politics, University of Zaragoza, Spain PIETRO COSTA Professor of the History of Law, University of Florence, Italy JOSE HARRIS Professor of Modern History, University of Oxford, UK CCILE LABORDE Lecturer in Political Theory, University College London, UK ULRICH K.PREU Professor of Law and Politics, Free University Bremen, Germany RUI RAMOS Research Fellow, Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal BIRTE SIIM Associate Professor, University of Aalborg, Denmark HEGE SKJEIE Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, Norway SIEP STUURMAN Jean Monnet Chair of European History, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Autonomy, viewed as a subject's autonomous designing of her own distinctive "individuality", is not a constitutive problem for liberal theory. Since its earliest formulations, liberalism has taken it for granted that protecting rights is a sufficient guarantee for the primacy of individual subjectivity. The most dangerous legacy of the "hierarchical-dualist" representation of the subject is the primacy given to reason in defining an individual's identity. For the author, freedom is not a fixed measure. It is not the container of powers and rights defining an individual's role and identity. It is rather the outcome of a process whereby individuals continuously re-define the shape of their individuality. Freedom is everything that each of us manages to be in his or her active and uncertain opposition to external "pressures".