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Parallel to the Halakhic laws, the minhagim (customs) are dependent on local practices and the regional schools of sages and rabbis. The minhagim played a decisive role in the history of the Jewish communities and in the formation of traditions of religious rulings. They gave stability, continuity, and authority to the local institutions. The impact of Jewish custom on daily life cannot be overestimated. Evolving spontaneously as an ascending process, it presents undercurrents that emanate from the folk, gradually bringing about changes that eventually become part of the legislative code. It further reflects influences of social, cultural, and mythological tendencies and local historical elements of every-day life of the period. The aim of this volume is to examine the concept of minhag in the broadest sense of the word. Focusing on the relationship between various types of customs and their impact on every aspect of Jewish life, the volume studies the historical, anthropological, religious, and cultural development and function of rites and rituals in establishing the Jewish self-definition and the identity of the local communities that adhered to them. The volume’s articles cover the subject of custom from three perspectives: an analysis of the theoretical and legal definition of custom, an analysis of the social and historical aspects of custom, and an anecdotal study of several particular customs. Customs are a wonderful historical prism by which to examine fluctuations and changes in Jewish life.
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The role of Jews in the economic and material culture of medieval Europe has become an important focus of modern Jewish Studies. Scholars have increasingly emphasized the shared or entangled character of Jewish and Christian culture, noting that Jews used many of the same objects as their Christian neighbors. Yet these objects are generally assumed to have been produced primarily by Christian craftspeople organized in guilds. Jewish artisans, however, are also attested in a wide range of sources, although this field has thus far received insufficient scholarly attention.Although evidence for medieval Jewish craftspeople appears relatively scarce in Northern Europe, the Mediterranean regions preserve a broader and richer documentary base. Even so, sources from across medieval Europe reveal Jews working as turners, dyers, window makers, weavers, goldsmiths, armorers, dicers, belt makers, glaziers, playing-card makers, bricklayers, tailors, watchmakers, and mousetrap makers, among many other professions. These references raise important questions concerning the most common occupations pursued by Jews, their clientele, and their relationships with Christian artisans and guild structures. Bringing together an interdisciplinary range of approaches and regional perspectives, this peer-reviewed volume seeks to address these questions and to reassess the place of Jewish craftspeople in medieval European society.