Rafiq Ahmed – författare

With real case stories, Wells and Ahmed bring to life both the hopes for and the failures of international guarantees of property rights for investors in the developing world. Their cases focus on infrastructure projects, but the lessons apply equally to many other investments. In the 1990''s inexperienced firms from rich countries jumped directly into huge projects in some of the world''s least developed countries. Their investments reflected almost unbridled enthusiasm for emerging markets and trust in new international guarantees. Yet within a few years the business pages of the world press were reporting an exploding number of serious disputes between foreign investors and governments. As the expected bonanzas proved elusive and the protections weaker than anticipated, many foreign investors became disenchanted with emerging markets. So bad were the outcomes in some cases that a few notable infrastructure firms came close to bankruptcy; several others hurriedly fled poor countries as projects soured. In this book, Louis Wells and Rafiq Ahmed show why disputes developed, point out how investments and disputes have changed over time, explore why various firms responded differently to crises, and question the basic wisdom of some of the enthusiasm for privatization. The authors tell how firms, countries, and multilateral development organizations can build a conflict-management system that balances the legitimate economic and social concerns of the host countries and those of investors. Without these changes, multinational corporations will lose profitable opportunities and poor countries will not gain the contributions that foreign investment can make toward alleviating poverty.

The 1980s and 1990s brought new protections to foreign investors in risky countries. Yet, the assurances failed to meet investors needs, imposed sometimes inordinate costs on poor countries, and widely rankled nationalistic sensibilities. The book's case histories suggest reforms for international arbitration and official investment insurance and offer lessons for managers who want to make their investments more secure.

With real case stories, Wells and Ahmed bring to life both the hopes for and the failures of international guarantees of property rights for investors in the developing world. Their cases focus on infrastructure projects, but the lessons apply equally to many other investments. In the 1990''s inexperienced firms from rich countries jumped directly into huge projects in some of the world''s least developed countries. Their investments reflected almost unbridled enthusiasm for emerging markets and trust in new international guarantees. Yet within a few years the business pages of the world press were reporting an exploding number of serious disputes between foreign investors and governments. As the expected bonanzas proved elusive and the protections weaker than anticipated, many foreign investors became disenchanted with emerging markets. So bad were the outcomes in some cases that a few notable infrastructure firms came close to bankruptcy; several others hurriedly fled poor countries as projects soured. In this book, Louis Wells and Rafiq Ahmed show why disputes developed, point out how investments and disputes have changed over time, explore why various firms responded differently to crises, and question the basic wisdom of some of the enthusiasm for privatization. The authors tell how firms, countries, and multilateral development organizations can build a conflict-management system that balances the legitimate economic and social concerns of the host countries and those of investors. Without these changes, multinational corporations will lose profitable opportunities and poor countries will not gain the contributions that foreign investment can make toward alleviating poverty.

This book explores PEM fuels cells and their potential in the energy transition. PEM fuel cells are electrochemical devices that can harness hydrogen energy and transform it into electricity.  The book is divided into three. The first section looks into the fundamentals of PEM fuel cells.The second explores computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of the dynamics of them. Every section of this book contains illuminating illustrations and informative tables. The final section provides bring together many practical applications and insightful recommendations, catering to both newcomers to the subject and existing fuel cell professionals.This book acts as useful introduction and guide to PEM fuel cells for student engineers, experienced practitioners, and researchers.

This book explores PEM fuels cells and their potential in the energy transition. PEM fuel cells are electrochemical devices that can harness hydrogen energy and transform it into electricity.  The book is divided into three. The first section looks into the fundamentals of PEM fuel cells.The second explores computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of the dynamics of them. Every section of this book contains illuminating illustrations and informative tables. The final section provides bring together many practical applications and insightful recommendations, catering to both newcomers to the subject and existing fuel cell professionals.This book acts as useful introduction and guide to PEM fuel cells for student engineers, experienced practitioners, and researchers.