V. de Sabbata - Böcker

Peter Gabriel Bergmann started his work on general relativity in 1936 when he moved from Prague to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. Bergmann collaborated with Einstein in an attempt to provide a geometrical unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism. Within this program they wrote two articles together: A. Einstein and P. G. Bergmann, Ann. Math. 39, 685 (1938) ; and A. Einstein, V. Bargmann and P. G. Bergmann, Th. von Karman Anniversary Volume 212 (1941). The search for such a theory was intense in the ten years following the birth of general relativity. In recent years, some of the geometrical ideas proposed in these publications have proved essential in contemporary attempts towards the unification of all interactions including gravity, Kaluza-Klein type theories and supergravity theories. In 1942, Bergmann published the book "Introduction to the Theory of Relativity" which included a foreword by Albert Einstein. This book is a reference for the subject, either as a textbook for classroom use or for individual study. A second corrected and enlarged edition of the book was published in 1976. Einstein said in his foreword to the first edition: "Bergmann's book seems to me to satisfy a definite need. . . Much effort has gone into making this book logically and pedagogically satisfactory and Bergmann has spent many hours with me which were devoted to this end.

The basic subjects and main topics covered by this book are: physics of black holes (classical and quantum); thermodynamics, entropy and internal dynamics; creation of particles and evaporation; mini black holes; quantum mechanics of black holes in curved space-time; the role of spin and torsion in the black hole physics; equilibrium geometry and membrane paradigm; black hole in string and superstring theory; strings, quantum gravity and black holes; the problem of singularity; astrophysics of black holes; observational evidence of black holes. The book reveals the connection between gravitational, quantum and statistical physics and also the importance of black hole behaviour in the very early universe. An important new point discussed concerns the introduction of spin in the physics of black holes, showing its central role when correctly put into the Einstein equations through the geometric concept of torsion, with the new concept of a time - temperature uncertainty relation, minimal time, minimal entropy, quantization of entropy and the connection of black hole with wormholes.Besides theoretical aspects, the reader will also find observational evidence for black holes in active galactic nuclei, in binary x-ray sources and in supernova remnants. The book should thus interest physicists, astronomers, and astrophysicists at different levels of their career who specialize in classical properties, quantum processes, statistical thermodynamics, numerical collapse, observational evidence, general relativity and other related problems.

In recent years there has been a steadily increasing cross-fertilization between cosmology and particle physics, on both the theoretical and experimental levels. Particle physics has provided new experimental data from the big accelerators in operation, and data from space satellites are accumulating rapidly. Cosmology is still one of the best laboratories for testing particle theory. The present work discusses such matters in the context of inflation, strings, dark matter, neutrinos and gravitational wave physics in the very early universe, field theory at the Planck scale, and high energy physics. A particular emphasis has been placed on a new topology for spatial infinity, on the relation between temperature and gravitational potential, a canonical formulation of general relativity, the neutrino mass, spin in the early universe, the measurement of gravity in the 10-100 m range, galaxy-galaxy and cluster-cluster correlation, black holes, string theory and string/string duality. The work also presents a review of high energy elementary particle physics, treating the meaning, status and perspectives of unification and standard model gauge couplings.

This survey of the interplay between gravity and particle physics theory contains treatments of cosmological perturbations, trans-Planckian problems in cosmology, the cosmological basis in a framework of projective unified field theory, atom interferometry in black holes and the early universe and semiclassical gravity. There are also discussions of spinorial matter in affine theory of gravity, the phase problem and Mach's principle, a Hamiltonian formulation of gravitational theory, and spin fluctuations. A special section covers Dirac geometry and real space-time, Dirac wave functions and black holes, properties of black hole solutions, black hole spectroscopy and thermodynamics. The emphasis is on observational aspects and in this context there are discussions of attempts to measure Newtonian G, the stability of G and multidimensional gravitational models, improved measurements and the experimental limit of G-dot, past results and new experimental tests for violation of the principle of equivalence, signals observed with a detector having 2021 intrinsic spins, virtual graviton exchange consistent with constant G and the weak equivalence principle.There is an update on neutrino oscillations and the helicity precession of fermions in gravitational / inertial fields.

This survey of the interplay between gravity and particle physics theory contains treatments of cosmological perturbations, trans-Planckian problems in cosmology, the cosmological basis in a framework of projective unified field theory, atom interferometry in black holes and the early universe and semiclassical gravity. There are also discussions of spinorial matter in affine theory of gravity, the phase problem and Mach's principle, a Hamiltonian formulation of gravitational theory, and spin fluctuations. A special section covers Dirac geometry and real space-time, Dirac wave functions and black holes, properties of black hole solutions, black hole spectroscopy and thermodynamics. The emphasis is on observational aspects and in this context there are discussions of attempts to measure Newtonian G, the stability of G and multidimensional gravitational models, improved measurements and the experimental limit of G-dot, past results and new experimental tests for violation of the principle of equivalence, signals observed with a detector having 2021 intrinsic spins, virtual graviton exchange consistent with constant G and the weak equivalence principle.There is an update on neutrino oscillations and the helicity precession of fermions in gravitational / inertial fields.

An up-to-date description of progress and current problems with the gravitational constant, both in terms of generalized gravitational theories and experiments either in the laboratory, using Casimir force measurements, or in space at solar system distances and in cosmological observations. Contributions cover different aspects of the state and prediction of unified theories of the physical interactions including gravitation as a cardinal link, the role of experimental gravitation and observational cosmology in discriminating between them, the problem of the precise measurement and stability of fundamental physical constants in space and time, and the gravitational constant in particular. Recent advances discussed include unified and scalar-tensor theories, theories in diverse dimensions and their observational windows, gravitational experiments in space, rotational and torsional effects in gravity, basic problems in cosmology, early universe as an arena for testing unified models, and big bang nucleosynthesis.

An up-to-date description of progress and current problems with the gravitational constant, both in terms of generalized gravitational theories and experiments either in the laboratory, using Casimir force measurements, or in space at solar system distances and in cosmological observations. Contributions cover different aspects of the state and prediction of unified theories of the physical interactions including gravitation as a cardinal link, the role of experimental gravitation and observational cosmology in discriminating between them, the problem of the precise measurement and stability of fundamental physical constants in space and time, and the gravitational constant in particular. Recent advances discussed include unified and scalar-tensor theories, theories in diverse dimensions and their observational windows, gravitational experiments in space, rotational and torsional effects in gravity, basic problems in cosmology, early universe as an arena for testing unified models, and big bang nucleosynthesis.

Quantum mechanics and quantum field theory on one hand and Gravity as a theory of curved space-time on the other are the two great conc- tual schemes of modern theoretical physics. For many decades they have lived peacefully together for a simple reason: it was a coexistence wi- out much interaction. There has been the family of relativists and the other family of elementary particle physicists and both sides have been convinced that their problems have not very much to do with the problems of the respective other side. This was a situation which could not last forever, because the two theoretical schemes have a particular structural trait in common: their claim for totality and universality. Namely on one hand all physical theories have to be formulated in a quantum mechanical manner, and on the other hand gravity as curved space-time influences all processes and vice versa. It was therefore only a question of time that physically relevant domains of application would attract a general int- est, which demand a combined application of both theoretical schemes. But it is immediately obvious that such an application of both schemes is - possible if the schemes are taken as they are. Something new is needed which reconciles gravity and quantum mechanics. During the last two de- des we are now doing the first steps towards this more general theory and we are confronted with fundamental difficulties.

During the period March 13-25, 1975, the IV course of the International School of Cosmology and Gravitation was held at Erice, Sicily and devoted primarily to gravitational waves. A number of participants have prepared their lectures for publication here. These include topics in Gravitational Radiation , Gravitational Radiation Antennas and Data Analyses, Singularities in General Relativity Theory, the Bimetric Theory of Gravitation, Tachyons, and General Relativity and Quantum Theory. V. De Sabbata and J. Weber v Contents Opening ReII1arks, J. Weber...ix The Generation of Gravitational Waves: A Review of Computational Techniques, K. S. Thorne ********************* 1 Effects of Gravitational Radiation upon Electromagnetic Waves in a Dispersive Medium, B. Bertotti and R. Catenacci ****** 63 Gravitational Waves and Their Interaction with Electromagnetic Field, V. De Sabbata ***. ****************** 69 Shock Waves in General Relativity, A. Papapetrou *************** 83 Editorial Connnents ...103 The Detection of Gravitational Waves and Quantum Nondisturbtive Measurements, V. Braginsky ***************** 105 Onedimensional Analysis and Computer Simulation of a Weber Antenna, G. V.Pallottino ************************** 123 Comments on the Gravitational Radiation Experiments, J. Weber ** 135 Estimated Sensitivity of the Low Temperature Gravitational Wave Antenna in Rome, G. Pizzella ************************* 139 The L. S. U. Low Temperature Gravity Wave Experiment, W. O. Hamilton, T. P. Bernat, D. G. Blair, W. C. Oelfke ******* 149 Optimal Detection of Signals through Linear Devices with Thermal Noise Sources and Application to the Munich- Frascati Weber-Type Gravitational Wave Detectors, P. Kafka ...161 Synchrotron Radiation and Astrophysics, A. A.

Peter Gabriel Bergmann started his work on general relativity in 1936 when he moved from Prague to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. Bergmann collaborated with Einstein in an attempt to provide a geometrical unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism. Within this program they wrote two articles together: A. Einstein and P. G. Bergmann, Ann. Math. 39, 685 (1938) ; and A. Einstein, V. Bargmann and P. G. Bergmann, Th. von Karman Anniversary Volume 212 (1941). The search for such a theory was intense in the ten years following the birth of general relativity. In recent years, some of the geometrical ideas proposed in these publications have proved essential in contemporary attempts towards the unification of all interactions including gravity, Kaluza-Klein type theories and supergravity theories. In 1942, Bergmann published the book "Introduction to the Theory of Relativity" which included a foreword by Albert Einstein. This book is a reference for the subject, either as a textbook for classroom use or for individual study. A second corrected and enlarged edition of the book was published in 1976. Einstein said in his foreword to the first edition: "Bergmann's book seems to me to satisfy a definite need. . . Much effort has gone into making this book logically and pedagogically satisfactory and Bergmann has spent many hours with me which were devoted to this end.

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Erice, Italy, May 2-12, 1987

In recent years there has been a steadily increasing cross-fertilization between cosmology and particle physics, on both the theoretical and experimental levels. Particle physics has provided new experimental data from the big accelerators in operation, and data from space satellites are accumulating rapidly. Cosmology is still one of the best laboratories for testing particle theory. The present work discusses such matters in the context of inflation, strings, dark matter, neutrinos and gravitational wave physics in the very early universe, field theory at the Planck scale, and high energy physics. A particular emphasis has been placed on a new topology for spatial infinity, on the relation between temperature and gravitational potential, a canonical formulation of general relativity, the neutrino mass, spin in the early universe, the measurement of gravity in the 10--100 m range, galaxy--galaxy and cluster--cluster correlation, black holes, string theory and string/string duality. The work also presents a beautiful review of high energy elementary particle physics, treating the meaning, status and perspectives of unification and standard model gauge couplings.

In these last years Black hole Physics has developed rapidly both from theoretical and observational aspects: especially as regards quantum aspects many things must be clarified as for instance the processes occuring near mini black holes with spontaneous creation of particles that eventually lead to the evaporation of black hole. In these last stages probably a connection with string theory will appears. This field of research was subject of the NATO Adavanced study Institute on "Black Hole Physics" which was held at the Ettore Majorana Center for Scientific Culture in Erice (Sicily, th Italy) from May 12th through May 22 , 1991. It was at the same time the 12th Course of the International School of Cosmology and Gravitation. During this 12th Course, after recalling the starting point that is the concept of black hole in Newton theory, the lectures are gone through classical, quantum, cosmological and astrophysical aspects. Of course in order to understand fully the behaviour of these objects one is faced with a large number of broad areas related to different branches of physics. In fact have been widely treated not only classical aspects, thermodynamics, entropy, internal dynamics, cosmology, inflation and astrophysics but quantum behaviour involving creation of particles, Hawking rad­ iation, until the modern theory of strings and superstrings that claims the unification of all interactions. So the physics involved and discussed in the various lectures goes from cosmology and very early universe to that of elementary particles including neutrino physics.