University of Pittsburgh Press – serie

Mapping Medical Modernity explores the history of medical modernization and public health in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Tokyo, a city undergoing rapid transformation from the seat of power of the Tokugawa shoguns of the Edo period to the capital of a modern nation-state and its expanding empire in the Meiji period. Tracing the development of institutions and policies designed to improve medical care and public health in a dense urban environment, Susan L. Burns examines tensions between the involved parties—including doctors and policymakers, police and civil officials, residents and those who governed them—and provides case studies focused on three of the city’s major challenges in public health: syphilis, cholera, and mental illness. Drawing upon a wide range of archival materials and contemporary accounts, Burns also employs geographic information system analysis in mapping the complicated relationships interlinking aspects of the urban environment, social life, public policy, and commercialized medical culture to demonstrate visually how policy decisions and medical capitalism gradually reshaped existing spatial arrangements in the city as well as the social relations that unfolded within them.

Since Charles Darwin’s death in 1882, people across the world have used forms of commemoration and memorialization to celebrate, and at times critique, various aspects of Darwin’s scientific, social, and cultural impact. Commemorative events, activities, and publications marking major anniversaries of Darwin’s birth and death, of the publication of On the Origin of Species (1859) and other works, and of the Beagle voyage, have been occasions for the casting and recasting of narratives of the history of evolutionary science, spurs to new historical research, and episodes in the public legitimation of contemporary scientific developments. They have engendered much discussion and debate about relations between evolution and religious belief as well as political questions related to issues of nation-building and social development. This volume examines these commemorative activities in global perspective, exploring the complexity of meanings of Darwin and his science to different social, cultural, scientific, and national groups, from the moment of Darwin’s death up to the recent sesquicentennial of The Descent of Man (1871) in 2021.

Investigations of Nature takes us on a guided tour through history, when voyages of exploration and exploitation were tied to technological advances in navigation and warfare; religious unity was broken with huge political, economic, and intellectual consequences; and the new art of printing led to an explosion of information. After a brief introduction, each part of this book—from sections on the Renaissance to the Epistemic Revolution to the Enlightenment—opens with a chapter discussing a defining characteristic: geography and navigation characterize the Renaissance as the age of discovery and colonialism; astronomy and optics characterize the Epistemic Revolution as the age of new instruments, such as the telescope; and universal gravity in Newton’s time characterizes the Enlightenment as the age of quantification, with welcome and unwelcome consequences and reflection on the status of our theories. Heavily illustrated and with a practical historiographic guide and bibliography for further reading, this book is an indispensable teaching tool for anyone seeking an accessible survey of the Renaissance or the Enlightenment.

Petrograd, the imperial capital and the urban stage upon which virtually the entire Russian Revolution was enacted, in 1919 struggled through a year of civil war, hunger, social upheaval, and political and economic challenges. Based on exhaustive research in previously closed Russian archives, the book presents an in depth look at how Petrograd’s local Soviet government and Bolshevik party organizations struggled to implement the Bolshevik party program, fight domestic and foreign counterrevolutionaries, quiet labor unrest, and provide food, fuel, and education to the local population.

Freedom and Confinement is a powerful, book-length conversation between poets Elizabeth Gordon McKim and Etheridge Knight, recorded in 1990 as Knight was dying of cancer. The interview traces Knight’s life from his childhood in Paducah, Kentucky, to his time in the Army and his injury in Korea, to his drug addiction and incarceration, and finally, to his poetic rebirth. The dialogue includes a 1984 exchange with McKim’s daughter, Jenifer McKim, offering a rare intergenerational glimpse into Knight’s world. McKim captures the man behind the legend—complex, contradictory, soulful. From prison yards to the Library of Congress, Knight lived and performed poetry across the country. This conversation revives his stories and energies, blending trickster wit with hard-won wisdom, making the mythic poet vividly human once more.

In the eighteenth century, malaria was a prevalent and deadly disease, and the only effective treatment was found in the Andean forests of Spanish America: a medicinal bark harvested from cinchona trees that would later give rise to the antimalarial drug quinine. In 1751, the Spanish Crown asserted control over the production and distribution of this medicament by establishing a royal reserve of “fever trees” in Quito. Through this pilot project, the Crown pursued a new vision of imperialism informed by science and invigorated through commerce. But ultimately this project failed, much like the broader imperial reforms that it represented. Drawing on extensive archival research, Matthew James Crawford explains why and shows how indigenous healers, laborers, merchants, colonial officials, and creole elites contested European science and thwarted imperial reform by asserting their authority to speak for the natural world. The Andean Wonder Drug uses the story of cinchona bark to demonstrate how the imperial politics of knowledge in the Spanish Atlantic ultimately undermined efforts to transform European science into a tool of empire.