Converging Media

John V. Pavlik is a professor in the Department of Journalism and Media Studies at the School of Communication and Information at Rutgers University. Pavlik is also a faculty associate at the Columbia Institute for Tele-Information (CITI). He is the former executive director of The Center for New Media at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, where he was also a professor. He has written many publications on the impact of new technology on journalism, media, and society. His books include Media in the Digital Age, published in 2008 by Columbia University Press and Journalism and New Media, published in 2001 by Columbia University Press. He has also authored more than a dozen computer software packages for education in journalism and communication and is co-developer of the Situated Documentary, a new form of storytelling using augmented reality.Shawn McIntosh is an assistant professor of English and Communication at the The College of Saint Rose. He studies how digital and social media have disrupted journalism and how journalism as a profession is responding to the challenges it faces from the perspectives of production, business models, and its role in a democratic society. I am also interested in looking at how strategic communications can be used for social change, especially in development contexts. Before teaching at The College of Saint Rose and the Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, McIntosh taught a variety of courses at Columbia University School of Journalism.

Students connect well with the theme of convergence...well-written, interesting, thought-provoking." -Judi Puritz Cook, The College of New Jersey

• CONTENTSPrefaceAbout the Authors Part 1 The Changing Media LandscapeChapter 1 Mass Communication and Its Digital Transformation1.1 Telephony: Case Study in Convergence1.2 Three Types of ConvergenceTechnological Convergence Economic Convergence Cultural Convergence1.3 Implications of Convergence Media Organization Media Type Media Content Media Use Media Distribution Media Audience Media Profession Attitudes and Values 1.4 Mass Communication in the Digital Age Interpersonal Communication Mass Communication Mass Communication and Convergence 1.5 Functions of Mass Communication Surveillance Correlation Cultural Transmission Entertainment1.6 Television: The Future of ConvergenceLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READING FeaturesMEDIA PIONEERS: Oprah WinfreyINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Translating is Not Child's PlayCONVERGENCE CULTURE: The Reflective Black MirrorETHICS IN MEDIA: Do You Pay More if You Own a Mac? Chapter 2 Media Literacy in the Digital Age2.1 Education and Media2.2 What Is Media Literacy?2.3 What Makes Mediated Communication Different? Semiotics Framing 2.4 Early Concerns of Media Effects2.5 Media Grammar Print Media Radio and Recorded Music Film and Television Digital-Media Grammar2.6 Implications of Commercial Media Commercial-Media Debate Concentration of Media Ownership2.7 Media Bias 2.8 Developing Critical Media-Literacy SkillsMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READING FeaturesMEDIA PIONEERS: Marshall McLuhanINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Mobile Telephony in the Developing WorldETHICAL DEBATES: When Media Report Rape AllegationsCONVERGENCE CULTURE: Evaluating Online Information Chapter 3 Media Theory and Research3.1 Role of Theory and Research Mass Society, Mass Communication3.2 Theories of Communication Transmission Models Critical Theory and Cultural Studies3.3 Media-Effects Research Propaganda and the Magic Bullet Payne Fund Radio's Wider Impact Television and Violence Limited EffectsCultivation AnalysisSpiral of SilenceThird-Person Effect Criticisms of Media-Effects Research3.4 Understanding the Audience Audiences Creating MeaningUses and GratificationsEncoding/DecodingReception Analysis Framing3.5 Cultural Studies Ideology and the Culture Industry Criticisms of Cultural Studies3.6 Sociohistorical Frameworks Information Society Political Economy Media Ecology Agenda Setting3.7 New Directions in Media Research3.8 Media Research: What Type of Science Is It? Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Qualitative and Quantitative Research Working TogetherMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READING FeaturesCONVERGENCE CULTURE: Do FPS Games Cause Violence?MEDIA PIONEERS: Nonny de la PeñaINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: "A Habit of Being Right on the Things"ETHICS IN MEDIA: Instagram and Body Image Part 2 Mass-Communication FormatsChapter 4 Print Media: BOOKS, NEWSPAPERS, AND MAGAZINES4.1 Functions of Print Media Transmission of Culture Diffusion of Ideas and Knowledge Entertainment4.2 Distinctive Functions of Books4.3 History of Books to Today Monastic Scribes Johannes Gutenberg Beginnings of Mass Communication and Mass Literacy Cheaper and Smaller BooksDime NovelsMass-Market PaperbacksPrint-on-DemandEbooks4.4 Current Book-Industry Issues4.5 Sales and Readership of Books4.6 Outlook for Books4.7 Distinctive Functions of Newspapers Local Newspapers National Newspapers4.8 History of Newspapers to Today The Commercial Press and the Partisan Press Colonial Readership and Finances The Golden Age of Newspapers4.9 Current Newspaper-Industry Issues Newspaper ChainsBenefits of ChainsProblems with Chains Leading Newspaper Chains Declining Number of Newspapers4.10 Sales and Readership of Newspapers Circulation and Readership Advertising4.11 Outlook for Newspapers4.12 Distinctive Functions of Magazines4.13 History of Magazines to Today4.14 Current Magazine-Industry Issues4.15 Sales and Readership of Magazines4.16 Outlook for MagazinesMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READING FeaturesINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Have Ebooks Finally Gone Over the Great Wall in China?CONVERGENCE CULTURE: When the Funnies Get SeriousMEDIA PIONEERS: Ruben Salazar Chapter 5 Audio Media: MUSIC RECORDINGS, RADIO5.1 The Recording Industry5.2 Distinctive Functions of the Recording Industry5.3 History of Recorded Music From Tin Pan Alley to Hollywood Roots of Rock and Roll Redefining Rock5.4 The Recording Industry Today5.5 Recording-Industry Business Model Creation Promotion Distribution Pricing Structure5.6 Outlook for the Recording Industry Digital Rights Management and Illegal File Sharing New Business Models Emerging5.7 What Is Broadcasting?5.8 Radio5.9 Distinctive Functions of Radio5.10 History of Radio Wireless Telegraphy Exploring Radio's Early Potential Voice Transmission Radio Before, During, and After WWI Widespread Public Adoption of Radio FM Radio, Edwin Howard Armstrong, and David Sarnoff Creating a Viable Business Model for Radio The Rise of Radio Networks Consolidation in Radio Station Ownership5.11 The Radio Industry Today5.12 Radio Station Programming5.13 Outlook for the Radio Industry Podcasting Satellite RadioMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READING FeaturesMEDIA PIONEERS: Lil Nas XETHICAL DEBATES: Mashed-Up and Mixed-Up Musical EthicsCONVERGENCE CULTURE: NPR and PRI: America's Public Radio NetworksINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Trusting in the Power of the Airwaves Chapter 6 Visual Media: PHOTOGRAPHY, MOVIES, AND TELEVISION6.1 Photography History of Photography Photographic Industry Today6.2 Movies6.3 History of the Movie Industry Silent Era: New Medium, New Technologies, New StorytellingMéliès,Griffith and WeberMurnau, Flaherty, and Eisenstein Sound and Color Hollywood Movie MogulsWarner BrothersWalt DisneySamuel GoldwynMarcus LoewLouis B. MayerHollywood Star System The Director as Auteur Technological Influences on Movie Genres Other Entertainment Sources for Movies DVDs And Streaming6.4 Movie Industry Today6.5 Marketing and Distribution for Movies6.6 Movie-Industry Business Model6.7 Outlook for the Movie Industry6.8 Television6.9 History of Television Seeing the Light: The First Television Systems Modern Television Takes Shape Programming and Genre InfluencesPushing the Programming EnvelopeCable Comes of AgeFilling the DaysFilling the NightsSportsReality Shows Digital Television: Preparing the Way for Convergence The Rise of Flat-Panel Displays6.10 Television Distribution Broadcast TV Cable TV Satellite TV6.11 Television Industry Today Cable System Structure Satellite Versus Cable Versus IPTV6.12 Television-Industry Business Model6.13 Outlook for the Television IndustryMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READING FeaturesINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Breaking the Silence Around MolestationDIGITAL DEBATES: The Photojournalist's Dilemma: Immersion in ConflictMEDIA PIONEERS: Kathleen KennedyCONVERGENCE CULTURE: Home Theater-Really, This Time Chapter 7 Interactive Media: THE INTERNET, VIDEO GAMES, AND VIRTUAL REALITY7.1 Interactivity Defined7.2 Interactive Media Versus Mass Media7.3 Historical Development of User Interfaces Television Interfaces Intuitive InterfacesKeyboardsComputer MouseTouchscreensNatural Input Methods Graphical User Interfaces7.4 Historical Development of the Internet and the World Wide Web Internet Protocol World Wide Web Graphical Web Browsers Search Engines Broadband Distribution Dynamics7.5 Video Games7.6 Historical Development of Video Games7.7 Types of Video Games7.8 Video-Game Industry7.9 Trends in Video Games7.10 Gamification7.11 Virtual Reality7.12 Ethics of Interactive MediaMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READING FeaturesINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Can the Internet Save Endangered Languages?MEDIA PIONEERS: Hironobu SakaguchiCONVERGENCE CULTURE: What Do Video Games Do to You?ETHICS IN MEDIA: Epic Games Epic Fines Part 3 Media PerspectivesChapter 8 The Impact of Social Media8.1 Defining Social Media Dialogic Communication Social Production8.2 What Is "Social" About Social Media? Choice Conversation Curation Creation Collaboration8.3 Types of Social Media Email Discussion Boards and Web Forums Chat Rooms Blogs and Microblogs Wikis Social-Networking Sites8.4 Producers and Produsers Reputation, Ratings, and Trust Privacy Transparency8.5 Social Media: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Are Social Media Making Us Less Social? Are Social Media Making Us Dumber?Media CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READING FeaturesINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Behind the Great FirewallMEDIA PIONEERS: Jack DorseyCONVERGENCE CULTURE: Are We Really Separated by Six Degrees?ETHICS IN MEDIA: Cybershaming and Cyberbullying: New Twists on Old Problems Chapter 9 Journalism: From Information to Participation9.1 What Is News?9.2 The Historical Development of Journalism News Values and the Associated Press Pulitzer and Hearst: The Circulation Wars, Sensationalism, and StandardsJoseph PulitzerWilliam Randolph Hearst The Rise of Electronic JournalismMurrow and News in TV's Golden AgeChanges in Television News9.3 Foundations of Journalism The Hutchins Commission and a Free and Responsible Press Separation of Editorial and Business Operations Fairness and Balance in News Coverage Framing the News Expert Sources9.4 From Event to Public Eye: How News Is Created Gathering the News Producing the News Distributing the News9.5 Types of Journalism Alternative Journalism Public Journalism Citizen Journalism Constructive Journalism An International Perspective9.6 Journalism in the Digital World Nontraditional Sources Online User Habits Personalization Contextualization Convergence9.7 The Business of Journalism Salaries Diversity in the NewsroomMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READING FeaturesMEDIA PIONEERS: Mary Ann Shadd Cary and Ida B. WellsINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: The Panama PapersCONVERGENCE CULTURE: Digital News Organizations Come into Their OwnETHICS IN MEDIA: What is "Fake News," Exactly? Chapter 10 Public Relations: Building Relationships Through Strategic Communications10.1 Strategic Communications Persuasive Communications Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) The Role of Media in Persuasion10.2 Public Relations The Historical Development of Public Relations Trends in the Development of Public Relations PR and Media RelationsPseudo-EventsDistributing News to the Media in the Digital AgeFinding Sources Online PR Firms and the PR Industry10.3 Changing Trends in PRMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READING FeaturesINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: PR Gets a Red Card at the World CupMEDIA PIONEERS: Doris E. FleischmanCONVERGENCE CULTURE: Hard Landing for the Airline IndustryETHICS IN MEDIA: Fooling Most of the People Most of the Time . . . Digitally Chapter 11 Advertising: THE POWER OF PERSUASION11.1 Advertising The Historical Development of AdvertisingAdvertising AgenciesCommercial TelevisionInternet The Rise of Branding Selling Products, Selling Ideas Advertising ChannelsPrint MediaElectronic MediaOutdoorDirect Mail Advertising in a Digital WorldCookiesEmail MarketingBanner AdsPop-Ups and VideoClassifieds and Auction SitesSearch-Engine AdsMobile AdvertisingIn-Game AdvertisingBehavioral AdvertisingViral MarketingNative Advertising The Advertising Business Advertising Agencies11.2 Changing Trends in AdvertisingMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READING FeaturesMEDIA PIONEERS: Madame C.J. WalkerETHICS IN MEDIA: No Cure for BadCONVERGENCE CULTURE: Content Marketing: Blurring the Line Between Journalism and Advertising?INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Does Marketing Affect What Drugs We Take? Chapter 12 Media Ethics12.1 Ethics, Morals, and Laws12.2 Major Systems of Ethical Reasoning Character, or Virtue EthicsThe Golden RuleThe Golden MeanVirtue Ethics in Action DutiesThe Categorical ImperativeDiscourse EthicsDuties-Based Ethics in Action ConsequencesUtilitarianismSocial JusticeConsequence-Based Ethics in Action Relationships, or Dialogical EthicsEthics of Care Moral Relativism12.3 Issues in Ethical Decision Making12.4 Role of Commercialism in Media Ethics Media Types Influencing Content12.5 Ethics in Journalism Privacy Rights Versus the Public's Right to Know Going Undercover Victimizing the Victims Misrepresentation and Plagiarism Society of Professional Journalists Code of Ethics12.6 Ethical Issues in Advertising Deceptive Advertising Puffery Conflicts of Interest in Advertising Advertising Codes of Ethics12.7 Ethics in Public Relations Conflicts of Interest in PR Public Relations Codes of Ethics12.8 Ethics in Entertainment Stereotypes in Entertainment Sex and ViolenceMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READING FeaturesINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Global Action: Uniting Women Worldwide Through Social NetworksETHICAL DEBATES: Dialogical Ethics in ActionCONVERGENCE CULTURE: Forbidden FruitMEDIA PIONEERS: Naomi Klein Part 4 Media and SocietyChapter 13 Communication Law and Regulation in the Digital Age13.1 The Legal Framework13.2 The Foundations of Freedom of Expression National SecurityClear and Present DangerPrior Restraint LibelNew York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)Protecting Journalists Against LibelShield Laws CensorshipThe Censorship of ComicsThe Hays CodeIndecent ContentObscenityCriticism, Ridicule, or Humor13.3 Regulating Electronic Media Early Days and the Radio Act of 1912 (1911-1926) Increasing Regulation and the Federal Radio Commission(1927-1933) The Communications Act and Spectrum Scarcity (1934-1995) The Telecommunications Act and the Internet (1996-Present) International Electronic Media Regulation 13.4 The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Universal Service The FCC, License Renewal, and Regulatory Power Spectrum Auction13.5 Regulating Commercial and Political Speech Commercial SpeechTobacco, Alcohol, and Marijuana AdvertisingUnclear Regulatory Boundaries Political SpeechEqual-Time RuleFairness Doctrine13.6 Children's Programming Protections The Children's Television Act Violent and Sexual Programming: The V-Chip13.7 Intellectual Property Rights Fair Use13.8 Privacy13.9 Legal Issues in the Digital World Digital Rights Management Privacy Content Rights and ResponsibilitiesMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READING FeaturesMEDIA PIONEERS: Andrew Chung, Lawrence Hurley, Andrea Januta, Jaimi Dowdell and Jackie BottsCONVERGENCE CULTURE: The Great Network Neutrality DebateINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: The Rise and Fall of Russian MediaETHICAL DEBATES: Does the Punishment Fit the Crime? Chapter 14 Mass Communication and Politics in the Digital Age14.1 Journalism and Political Coverage Politicians Using the News Sound Bites and Horse Races The Changing Tone of Television Political Coverage Opinion Polls14.2 Political Advertising Impact of Negative Advertising Effectiveness of Negative Advertising14.3 Politics and Entertainment Political Campaigns and Entertainment Political Debates14.4 Social Media and Political Campaigns Changes With Social Media Changing Rules for Politicians14.5 Social Media and Civic Engagement Databases and Government Transparency Smart Mobs14.6 Political Polarization and Media Habits Media CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READING FeaturesETHICAL DEBATES: Can Imagery Lead to Action?CONVERGENCE CULTURE: Super PACS and MediaINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Crowdsourcing Election MonitoringMEDIA PIONEERS: Bill Adair Chapter 15 Global Media in the Digital Age15.1 Four Theories of International Mass Communication Authoritarian Theory Libertarian Theory Social Responsibility Theory Soviet Theory15.2 The Public, the Public Sphere, and Public Opinion15.3 Political and Socioeconomic Issues with Global Media Media in Developing Countries Searching for Truth: Self-Censorship in China The Digital Divide15.4 Global Media, Local Values New Worlds-Or Cultural Imperialism? Convergence and Its Discontents Globalization of Media Production Global Media Flow Protecting Local VoicesSome Developing NationsA Neighbo(u)ring Nation Promoting Global Voices Cybersecurity and MediaMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READING FeaturesETHICAL DEBATES: Humor and Ethics: The Role of Satire and ReligionCONVERGENCE CULTURE: Breaking News on a Global ScaleMEDIA PIONEERS: Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim Glossary G-1Notes N-1Credits C-1Index I-1