Antenna Theory and Design

WARREN L. STUTZMAN received his BS in electrical engineering and AB in mathematics degrees from the University of Illinois in 1964 and received MS and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Ohio State University in 1965 and 1969, respectively.  Dr. Stutzman has been on the electrical engineering faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University since 1969 and has served as the director of the Antenna Group from its beginning in 1983 until 2001.  He served two terms as Interim Department Head. He is currently Principal Investigator for the AWINN (Advanced Wireless Integrated Navy Network) research program sponsored by the Office of Naval Research. He is co-author of the textbook Antenna Theory and Design, John Wiley, 1981 and 1998, and author of Polarization in Electromagnetic Systems, Artech House, 1993. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and served as President of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society in 1992.

• Chapter 1 Introduction 11.1 The History of Antennas 11.2 What Is an Antenna and When Is it Used? 101.3 How Antennas Radiate 131.4 The Four Antenna Types 17Chapter 2 Antenna Fundamentals 232.1 Fundamentals of Electromagnetics 232.2 Solution of Maxwell's Equations for Radiation Problems 272.3 The Ideal Dipole 322.4 Radiation Patterns 362.5 Directivity and Gain 502.6 Antenna Impedance 562.7 Radiation Efficiency 602.8 Antenna Polarization 61Chapter 3 Simple Radiating Systems 703.1 Electrically Small Dipoles 703.2 Half-Wave Dipoles 733.3 Monopoles and Image Theory 753.4 Small Loop Antennas and Duality 813.5 Two-Element Arrays 89Chapter 4 System Applications for Antennas 1004.1 Introduction 1004.2 Receiving Properties of Antennas 1004.3 Antenna Noise and Radiometry 1034.4 Antennas in Communication Systems 1074.5 Antennas In Wireless Communication Systems 1164.6 Antennas in Radar Systems 1224.7 Antennas As Unintentional Radiators 123Chapter 5 Line Sources 1285.1 The Uniform Line Source 1285.2 Tapered Line Sources 1375.3 Fourier Transform Relations Between the Far-Field Pattern and the Source Distribution 1425.4 Fast Wave And Slow Wave Distributions 1435.5 Superdirective Line Sources 145Chapter 6 Wire Antennas 1516.1 Dipole Antennas 1516.2 Folded Dipole Antennas 1616.3 Yagi-Uda Antennas 1666.4 Feeding Wire Antennas 1756.5 Loaded Wire Antennas 1866.6 Ground Plane Backed Wire Antennas 1906.7 Wire Antennas Above an Imperfect Ground Plane 1986.8 Large Loop Antennas 205Chapter 7 Broadband Antennas 2187.1 Introduction 2187.2 Traveling-Wave Wire Antennas 2207.3 Helical Antennas 2257.4 Biconical Antennas 2337.5 Sleeve Antennas 2397.6 Principles of Frequency-Independent Antennas 2437.7 Spiral Antennas 2457.8 Log-Periodic Antennas 2517.9 Wideband EMC Antennas 2617.10 Ultra-Wideband Antennas 264Chapter 8 Array Antennas 2718.1 Introduction 2718.2 The Array Factor for Linear Arrays 2728.3 Uniformly Excited, Equally Spaced Linear Arrays 2788.4 The Complete Array Pattern and Pattern Multiplication 2868.5 Directivity of Uniformly Excited, Equally Spaced Linear Arrays 2938.6 Nonuniformly Excited, Equally Spaced Linear Arrays 2988.7 Mutual Coupling in Arrays 3038.8 Multidimensional Arrays 3118.9 Phased Arrays and Array Feeding Techniques 3148.10 Elements for Arrays 3278.11 Wideband Phased Arrays 332Chapter 9 Aperture Antennas 3449.1 Radiation from Apertures and Huygens' Principle 3449.2 Rectangular Apertures 3539.3 Techniques for Evaluating Gain 3609.4 Rectangular Horn Antennas 3689.5 Circular Apertures 3859.6 Reflector Antennas 3919.7 Feed Antennas for Reflectors 4169.8 Lens Antennas 424Chapter 10 Antenna Synthesis 43310.1 The Antenna Synthesis Problem 43310.2 Line Source Shaped Beam Synthesis Methods 43710.3 Linear Array Shaped Beam Synthesis Methods 44010.4 Low Side Lobe, Narrow Main Beam Synthesis Methods 44610.5 The Iterative Sampling Method 459Chapter 11 Low-Profile Antennas and Personal Communication Antennas 46511.1 Introduction 46511.2 Microstrip Antenna Elements 46611.3 Microstrip Arrays 47811.4 Microstrip Leaky Wave Antennas 48111.5 Fundamental Limits on Antenna Size 48811.6 Antennas for Compact Devices 49811.7 Dielectric Resonator Antennas 51211.8 Near Fields of Electrically Large Antennas 51911.9 Human Body Effects on Antenna Performance 52311.10 Radiation Hazards 526Chapter 12 Terminal and Base Station Antennas for Wireless Applications 53612.1 Satellite Terminal Antennas 53712.2 Base Station Antennas 53812.3 Mobile Terminal Antennas 54512.4 Smart Antennas 54912.5 Adaptive and Spatial Filtering Antennas 553Chapter 13 Antenna Measurements 55913.1 Reciprocity and Antenna Measurements 55913.2 Pattern Measurement and Antenna Ranges 56413.3 Gain Measurement 57113.4 Polarization Measurement 57613.5 Field Intensity Measurement 58013.6 Mobile Radio Antenna Measurements 58213.7 Rules for Experimental Investigations 583Chapter 14 CEM for Antennas: The Method of Moments 58714.1 General Introduction to CEM 58714.2 Introduction to the Method of Moments 59014.3 Pocklington's Integral Equation 59114.4 Integral Equations and Kirchhoff's Network Equations 59414.5 Source Modeling 59614.6 Weighted Residuals and the Method of Moments 60114.7 Two Alternative Approaches to the Method of Moments 60614.8 Formulation and Computational Considerations 61014.9 Calculation of Antenna and Scatterer Characteristics 61814.10 The Wire Antenna or Scatterer as an N-Port Network 62114.11 Antenna Arrays 62514.12 Radar Cross Section of Antennas 63114.13 Modeling of Solid Surfaces 63614.14 Summary 645Chapter 15 CEM for Antennas: Finite Difference Time Domain Method 65215.1 Maxwell's Equations for the FDTD Method 65415.2 Finite Differences and the Yee Algorithm 65715.3 Cell Size, Numerical Stability, and Dispersion 66415.4 Computer Algorithm and FDTD Implementation 66715.5 Absorbing Boundary Conditions 67015.6 Source Conditions 67415.7 Near Fields and Far Fields 68115.8 A Two-Dimensional Example: An E-Plane Sectoral Horn Antenna 68215.9 Antenna Analysis and Applications 68915.10 Summary 697Chapter 16 CEM for Antennas: High-Frequency Methods 70016.1 Geometrical Optics 70116.2 Wedge Diffraction Theory 70716.3 The Ray-Fixed Coordinate System 71616.4 A Uniform Theory of Wedge Diffraction 71816.5 E-Plane Analysis of Horn Antennas 72216.6 Cylindrical Parabolic Reflector Antennas 72516.7 Radiation by a Slot on a Finite Ground Plane 72716.8 Radiation by a Monopole on a Finite Ground Plane 73016.9 Equivalent Current Concepts 73216.10 A Multiple Diffraction Formulation 73516.11 Diffraction by Curved Surfaces 73716.12 Application of UTD to Wireless Mobile Propagation 74216.13 Extension of Moment Method Using the UTD 74516.14 Physical Optics 75016.15 Frequency Dependence of First-Order Scattering Sources 75716.16 Method of Stationary Phase 76016.17 Physical Theory of Diffraction 76316.18 Cylindrical Parabolic Reflector Antennas--PTD 76916.19 Summary 771References 771Problems 773Appendix A Frequency Bands 781A.1 Radio Frequency Bands 781A.2 Television Channel Frequencies (in North America) 781A.3 Cellular Telephone Bands 782A.4 Radar Bands 782Appendix B Material Data and Constants 783B.1 Conductivities of Good Conductors 783B.2 Wire Data 783B.3 Dielectric Constant: Permittivity of Free Space 784B.4 Permeability of Free Space 784B.5 Velocity of Light of Free Space 784B.6 Intrinsic Impedance of Free Space 784B.7 Properties of Some Common Dielectrics 784Appendix C Coordinate Systems and Vectors 785C.1 The Coordinate Systems and Unit Vectors 785C.2 Vector Identities 786C.3 Vector Differential Operators 787Appendix D Trigonometric Relations 789Appendix E Hyperbolic Relations 791Appendix F Mathematical Relations 793F.1 Dirac Delta Function 793F.2 Binomial Theorem 793F.3 Bessel Functions 793F.4 Some Useful Integrals 794Appendix G Computing Tools for Antennas 795G.1 Wire Antenna Simulation Packages 795G.2 Parabolic Reflector Antenna Simulation Packages 796G.3 Web Sites with Antenna Calculation and Modeling Tools 796Appendix H Book List 797H.1 Introduction 797H.2 Antenna Definitions 797H.3 Fundamental Books on Antennas 797H.4 Books on Antennas with Propagation 799H.5 Books On Antennas With Other Topics 799H.6 Handbooks and General Reference Books on Antennas 799H.7 Books on Antenna Measurements 800H.8 Books on Specific Antenna Topics 801H.9 Books on Antennas For Specific Applications 805H.10 Books on Computational Methods for Antennas 807H.11 Books on Topics Closely Related to Antennas 809Index 811