Fundamentals of Digital Logic and Microcontrollers

M. RAFIQUZZAMAN is Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. Dr. Rafiquzzaman is the founder of Rafi Systems, Inc., a manufacturer of biomedical devices and a computer systems consulting firm in California.

• Preface xiii1: Introduction to Digital Systems 11.1 Explanation of Terms 21.2 Design Levels 61.3 Combinational and Sequential Circuits 71.4 Digital Integrated Circuits 71.4.1 Diodes 71.4.2 Transistors 81.4.3 MOS Transistors 141.5 Integrated Circuits (ICs) 181.6 CAD (Computer-Aided Design) 191.7 Evolution of the Microcontroller 201.8 Typical Microcontroller Applications 211.8.1 A Simple Microcontroller Application 221.8.2 Embedded Controllers 232: Number Systems and Codes 252.1 Number Systems 252.1.1 General Number Representation 252.1.2 Converting Numbers from One Base to Another 282.2 Unsigned and Signed Binary Numbers 302.3 Codes 342.3.1 Binary-Coded-Decimal Code (8421 Code) 342.3.2 Alphanumeric Codes 352.3.3 Excess-3 Code 362.3.4 Gray Code 372.3.5 Unicode 392.4 Fixed-Point and Floating-Point Representations 402.5 Arithmetic Operations 412.5.1 Binary Arithmetic 412.5.2 BCD Arithmetic 512.6 Error Correction and Detection 53Questions and Problems 553: Boolean Algebra and Digital Logic Gates 593.1 Basic Logic Operations 593.1.1 NOT Operation 593.1.2 OR operation 603.1.3 AND operation 623.2 Other Logic Operations 643.2.1 NOR operation 643.2.2 NAND operation 643.2.3 Exclusive-OR operation (XOR) 653.2.4 Exclusive-NOR Operation (XNOR) 663.3 IEEE Symbols for Logic Gates 673.4 Positive and Negative Logic 683.5 Boolean Algebra 693.5.1 Boolean Identities 703.5.2 Simplification Using Boolean Identities 723.5.3 Consensus Theorem 743.5.4 Complement of a Boolean Function 753.6 Standard Representations 763.7 Karnaugh Maps 803.7.1 Two-Variable K-map 813.7.2 Three-Variable K-map 823.7.3 Four-Variable K-map 853.7.4 Prime Implicants 873.7.5 Expressing a Boolean function in Product-of-sums (POS) form using a K-map 893.7.6 Don’t Care Conditions 913.7.7 Five-Variable K-map 953.8 Quine–McCluskey Method 963.9 Implementation of Digital Circuits with NAND, NOR, and Exclusive-OR/Exclusive-NOR Gates 973.9.1 NAND Gate Implementation 983.9.2 NOR Gate Implementation 993.9.3 XOR / XNOR Implementations 102Questions and Problems 1064: Combinational Logic 1094.1 Basic Concepts 1094.2 Analysis of a Combinational Logic Circuit 1094.3 Design of a Combinational Circuit 1104.4 Multiple-Output Combinational Circuits 1124.5 Typical Combinational Circuits 1144.5.1 Comparators 1144.5.2 Decoders 1184.5.3 Encoders 1224.5.4 Multiplexers 1274.5.5 Demultiplexers 1294.5.6 Binary / BCD Adders and Binary Subtractors 1294.6 IEEE Standard Symbols 1364.7 Read-Only Memories (ROMs) 1384.8 Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) 1404.9 Commercially Available Field Programmable Devices (FPDs) 1444.10 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE (HDL) 1464.11 Verilog basics 1484.11.1 Verilog keywords 1484.11.2 A typical Verilog Segment 1484.11.3 Verilog operators 1514.11.4 Verilog Constants 1524.11.5 Modeling logical conditions in a circuit 1524.11.6 Verilog if-else and case-endcase structures 1534.11.7 A typical Verilog Simulator 1534.12 Verilog modeling examples for combinational circuits 1554.12.1 Structural modeling 1554.12.2 Dataflow modeling 1614.12.3 Behavioral modeling 163Questions and Problems 1685: Sequential Logic 1735.1 Basic Concepts 1735.2 Latches and Flip-Flops 1735.2.1 SR Latch 1745.2.2 Gated SR Latch 1765.2.3 Gated D Latch 1765.2.4 Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop 1775.2.5 JK Flip-Flop 1805.2.6 T Flip-Flop 1815.3 Flip-flop timing parameters for edge-triggered flip-flops 1815.4 Preset and Clear Inputs 1825.5 Summary of the gated SR latch and the Flip-Flops 1825.6 Analysis of Synchronous Sequential Circuits 1855.7 Types of Synchronous Sequential Circuits 1885.8 Minimization of States 1885.9 Design of Synchronous Sequential Circuits 1905.10 Design of Counters 1965.11 Examples of Synchronous Sequential Circuits 2015.11.1 Registers 2015.11.2 Modulo-n Counters 2035.11.3 Random-Access Memory (RAM) 2065.12 Algorithmic State Machines (ASM) Chart 2075.13 Asynchronous Sequential Circuits 2145.14 Verilog description of typical synchronous sequential circuits 217Questions and Problems 2356: CPU, MEMORY, AND I/O 2436.1 Design of the CPU 2436.1.1 Register Design 2446.1.2 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 2446.1.3 ALU Design 2556.1.4 Control Unit Design 2576.2 Memory Organization 2806.2.1 Types of Main memory 2836.2.2 READ and WRITE Timing Diagrams 2856.2.3 Main Memory Organization 2876.3 Input/Output (I/O) 2906.3.1 Simple I/O Devices 2926.3.2 Programmed I/O 2936.3.3 Interrupt I/O 2956.4 CPU design using Verilog 296Questions and Problems 3097: Microcontroller Basics 3177.1 Basic Blocks of a Microcontroller 3177.1.1 System Bus 3187.1.2 Clock Signals 3197.2 Microcontroller Architectures 3207.3 Basic Concept of Pipelining 3217.4 RISC vs. CISC 3237.5 Functional Representation of a Typical RISC Microcontroller—The PIC18F4321 3247.6 Basics of Programming Languages 3247.6.1 Machine Language 3267.6.2 Assembly Language 3277.6.3 High-Level Language 3277.7 Choosing a Programming Language 3287.8 Introduction to C Language 3297.8.1 Data Types 3327.8.2 Bit Manipulation Operators 3337.8.3 Control Structures 3347.8.4 The switch Construct 3387.8.5 The while Construct 3387.8.6 The for Construct 3407.8.7 The do-while Construct 3417.8.8 Structures and Unions 3417.8.9 Functions in C 3427.8.10 Macros 343Questions and Problems 3448: PIC18F Hardware and Interfacing Using C: Part 1 3458.1 PIC18F Pins and Signals 3458.1.1 Clock 3468.1.2 PIC18F Reset 3508.1.3 A Simplified Setup for the PIC18F4321 3508.2 PIC18F4321 programmed I/O using C 3518.2.1 PIC 18F4321 I/O ports 3518.2.2 Interfacing LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) and Seven-segment Displays 3548.2.3 Microchip MPLAB C18 compiler and the PICkit3 interface 3558.2.4 Configuration commands 3568.3 PIC18F Interrupts 3598.3.1 PIC18F Interrupt Types 3598.3.2 PIC18F External Interrupts in Default Mode 3598.3.3 Interrupt Registers and Priorities 3618.3.4 Setting the Triggering Levels of INTn Pin Interrupts 3628.3.5 Programming the PIC18 interrupts using C 363Questions and Problems 3699: PIC18F Hardware and Interfacing Using C: Part 2 3739.1 PIC18F Timers 3739.1.1 Timer0 3759.1.2 Timer1 3789.1.3 Timer2 3829.1.4 Timer3 3849.2 PIC18F Interface to an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) 3909.3 Analog Interface 3949.3.1 On-chip A/D Converter 3959.3.2 Interfacing an External D/A (Digital-to-Analog) Converter to the PIC18F4321 4039.4 Serial Interface 4059.4.1 Synchronous Serial Data Transmission 4059.4.2 Asynchronous Serial Data Transmission 4059.4.3 PIC18F Serial I/O 4069.5 PIC18F4321 Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) Modules 4139.5.1 CCP Registers 4139.5.2 CCP Modules and Associated Timers 4139.5.3 PIC18F4321 Capture Mode 4139.5.4 PIC18F4321 Compare Mode 4169.5.5 PIC18F4321 PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Mode 4179.6 DC Motor Control 419Questions and Problems 425Appendix A: Answers to Selected Problems 429Appendix B: Glossary 439Appendix C: Tutorial For Compiling and Debugging A C-Program Using The MPLAB 451Appendix D: Interfacing The PIC18F4321 to A Personal Computer or A Laptop Using PICkit™ 3 479D.1 Initial Hardware Setup For The PIC18F4321 479D.2 Connecting The Personal Computer (Pc) or The Laptop to The PIC18F4321 Via PICkit3 480D.3 Programming The Pic18f4321 From A Personal Computer or A Laptop Using The PICkit3 482Bibliography 485Credits 487Index 489