Operation and Control of Renewable Energy Systems

Inbunden, Engelska, 2017

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Beskrivning

A comprehensive reference to renewable energy technologies with a focus on power generation and integration into power systems This book addresses the generation of energy (primarily electrical) through various renewable sources. It discusses solar and wind power—two major resources that are now in use in small as well as large-scale power production—and their requirements for effectively using advanced control techniques.In addition, the book looks at theintegration of renewable energy in the power grid and its ability to work in a micro grid. Operation and Control of Renewable Energy Systems describes the numerous types of renewable energy sources available and the basic principles involving energy conversion, including the theory of fluid mechanics and the laws of thermodynamics. Chapter coverage includes the theory of power electronics and various electric power generators, grid scale energy storage systems, photovoltaic power generation, solar thermal energy conversion technology, horizontal and vertical wind turbines for power generation, and more. Covers integration into power systems with an emphasis on microgridsIntroduces a wide range of subjects related to renewable energy systems, including energy storage, microgrids, and battery technologiesIncludes tutorial materials such as up-to-date references for wind energy, grid connection, and power electronics—plus worked examples and solutionsOperation and Control of Renewable Energy Systems is the perfect introduction to renewable energy technologies for undergraduate and graduate students and can also be very useful to practicing engineers.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum:2017-12-01
Mått:175 x 246 x 20 mm
Vikt:726 g
Format:Inbunden
Språk:Engelska
Antal sidor:384
Förlag:John Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN:9781119281689

Utforska kategorier

Energiteknik inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

Mer om författaren

MUKHTAR AHMAD, PHD, is a retired professor from Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India. He has a wide range of professional experience, beginning with lecturer in electrical engineering at AMU to becoming a Professor at three different Universities (Aligarh Muslim University, University Putra Malaysia, and Multimedia University Malaysia). Mukhtar has published work in journals, papers, and his own books.

Innehållsförteckning

Preface xvii1 Sources of Energy and Technologies 11.1 Energy Uses in Different Countries 11.2 Energy Sources 31.2.1 Non-Renewable Energy Resources 31.2.2 Renewable Sources of Energy 31.3 Energy and Environment 51.3.1 Climate Change 71.4 Review of Technologies for Renewable Energy System 81.4.1 Fluid Dynamics 81.4.1.1 Conservation of Mass 81.4.1.2 Conservation of Momentum 91.4.1.3 Conservation of Energy 101.5 Thermodynamics 111.5.1 Enthalpy 121.5.2 Specific Heat 121.5.3 Zeroth Law 131.5.4 First Law 131.5.4.1 Limitations of First law 141.5.5 Second Law of Thermodynamics 141.5.5.1 Kelvin–Planck Statement 151.5.5.2 Clausius Statement 161.5.6 Third Law of Thermodynamics 161.6 Thermodynamic Power Cycles 161.6.1 Ideal Cycle (Carnot Cycle) 171.6.2 Rankine Cycle 181.6.3 Brayton Cycle 181.7 Summary 21References 212 Power Electronic Converters 232.1 Types of Power Electronic Converters 232.2 Power Semiconductor Devices 232.2.1 Thyristor 252.2.1.1 Line Commutation 252.2.1.2 Load Commutation 262.2.1.3 Forced Commutation 262.2.2 Gate Turn-OffThyristor (GTO) 262.2.3 Power Bipolar Junction Transistor 272.2.4 Power MOSFET 292.2.5 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) 292.3 ac-to-dc Converters 302.3.1 Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers 312.3.2 Three-Phase Full-Wave Bridge Diode Rectifiers 322.3.3 Single-Phase Fully Controlled Rectifiers 322.3.4 Three-Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Converter 332.4 dc-to-ac Converters (Inverters) 342.4.1 Single-Phase Voltage Source Inverters 342.4.2 Square-Wave PWMInverter 342.4.3 Single-Pulse-WidthModulation 352.4.4 Multiple-Pulse-WidthModulation 362.4.5 Sinusoidal-Pulse-WidthModulation 362.4.6 Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters 372.4.7 Single-Phase Current Source Inverters 392.4.7.1 Three-Phase Current Source Inverter 392.5 Multilevel Inverters 402.5.1 Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverter 412.5.2 Flying-Capacitor Multilevel Inverter 422.5.3 Cascaded Multicell with Different dc Source Inverter 432.6 Resonant Converters 432.6.1 Series Resonant Converter 442.6.1.1 Discontinuous Conduction Mode 452.6.2 Parallel Resonant Inverter 452.6.3 ZCS Resonant Converters 452.6.4 ZVS Resonant Converter 462.6.5 Resonant dc-Link Inverters 462.7 Matrix Converters 472.8 Summary 48References 483 Renewable Energy Generator Technology 513.1 Energy Conversion 513.2 Power Conversion and Control ofWind Energy Systems 513.2.1 Induction Generator 523.2.2 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator 533.2.3 Linear PM Synchronous Machine 533.3 Operation and Control of Induction Generators forWES 533.3.1 Equivalent Circuit 543.3.2 Wound-Rotor Induction Machine 553.3.3 Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) 573.3.3.1 Equivalent Circuit of DGIG 593.3.3.2 Braking System 603.4 PermanentMagnet Synchronous Generator 603.4.1 Modelling of PMSG 623.5 Wave Energy Conversion (WEC) Technologies 633.5.1 Linear Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine 643.5.2 Tubular Permanent Magnet LinearWave Generator (TPMLWG) 663.5.3 Linear Induction Machines 673.6 Summary 67References 684 Grid-Scale Energy Storage 694.1 Requirement of Energy Storage 694.2 Types of Energy Storage Technologies 694.3 Electromechanical Storage 704.3.1 Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) System 704.3.2 Underground Pumped Hydro Energy Storage 714.3.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage 724.3.4 Flywheel Storage 734.3.4.1 Energy Stored in Flywheel 744.3.4.2 Motors for Flywheels 744.4 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 754.5 Supercapacitors 764.5.1 Equivalent Circuit 794.6 Chemical Storage (Batteries) 794.6.1 Lead–acid Battery 804.6.2 UltraBattery 824.6.3 Lithium-ion Battery 844.6.4 Liquid metal battery 864.6.5 Flow Battery 864.6.6 Nickle-Based Battery 874.7 Thermal Storage 884.7.1 Sensible Heat Storage 894.7.2 Latent Heat Storage 904.7.3 Thermochemical Energy Storage (TES) 914.8 Hydrogen Energy Storage Technology 914.9 Summary 92References 935 Solar Energy Systems 955.1 Sun as Source of Energy 955.2 Solar Radiations on Earth 955.2.1 Spectral Distribution of Solar Energy 965.3 Measurement of Solar Radiation 975.3.1 Pyrheliometer 975.3.2 Pyranometer 995.3.3 Sources of Errors in RadiationMeters 1005.3.4 Sunshine Recorder 1005.4 Solar Radiation on Different Surfaces 1015.4.1 Zenith and Zenith Angle 1015.4.2 Solar Time 1025.4.3 Latitude (∅) 1025.4.4 Declination Angle (;;) 1025.4.5 Hour Angle (;;) 1025.4.6 Surface Azimuth Angle (Y) 1035.4.7 Tilt Angle (;;) 1035.4.8 Angle of Incidence 1035.4.9 Solar Radiation on an Inclined Surface 1045.5 Utilization of Solar Energy 1045.6 Solar Thermal Systems 1055.6.1 Flat-Plate Collectors 1065.6.1.1 Thermal Performance of Collector 1085.6.2 Evacuated Tube Collector 1085.6.2.1 Direct-Flow Evacuated Tube Collector 1095.6.2.2 Heat-Pipe Evacuated Tube Collector 1095.6.3 Parabolic Collectors 1115.6.4 Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) 1125.6.5 Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) 1135.6.6 Cylindrical Trough Collector (CTC) 1145.6.7 Parabolic Dish Reflector 1155.6.8 Heliostat Field Collector (HFC) 1165.7 Application of Solar Energy 1175.7.1 SolarWater Heating 1175.7.2 Passive Systems with Thermosiphon Circulation 1175.7.3 Integrated Collector Storage Systems (Passive) 1195.7.4 Active Solar Systems 1195.7.4.1 Direct Circulation Systems 1195.7.4.2 Indirect Circulation (Closed-Loop) Systems 1205.7.5 Air Heating Systems 1205.8 Solar Thermal Power Generation 1225.9 Desalination ofWater 1225.10 Steam Pressurization Systems Using Heat Energy 1235.11 Summary 124References 1246 Photovoltaic Systems 1256.1 PV Solar Cells and Solar Module 1256.1.1 Semiconductor Technology 1266.2 Solar Cell Characteristics 1276.2.1 Equivalent Circuit 1296.2.2 Solar PV Module 1296.2.3 Series and Parallel Connections of Cells 1296.2.4 Solar PV Panel 1316.2.5 PV Array 1326.2.5.1 Design of PV System 1326.3 Maximizing Power Output of PV Array 1336.3.1 Solar Tracking 1346.3.2 Design of Simple Automatic Solar Tracker 1346.3.3 Load Matching for Optimal Operation 1356.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm 1356.4.1 Constant-VoltageMethod 1366.4.2 Hill-Climbing/Perturb and Observe Techniques 1366.4.2.1 Perturb and Observe 1376.4.3 Incremental Conductance (IC) 1376.5 Types of Solar Cells and Technologies 1386.5.1 Crystalline Solar Cells 1386.5.1.1 Monocrystalline Solar Cells 1396.5.1.2 Polycrystalline Silicon Cells 1406.6 Thin-Film Solar Cells 1406.6.1 Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells (a-Si) 1416.6.2 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 1426.6.3 Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) 1436.6.4 Copper Indium Selenide (CIS) 1436.6.5 Crystalline Silicon (c-si)Thin-Film Solar Cells 1446.7 Concentrating Photovoltaic Systems 1446.8 New Emerging Technologies 1446.9 Solar PV Systems 1466.9.1 Grid-Connected PV System 1476.9.2 Grid-Connected System without Battery Storage 1476.9.3 Grid-Connected System with Battery Storage 1486.10 Design and Control of Stand-Alone PV System 1486.10.1 Battery Rating 1496.11 Summary 150References 1507 Wind Energy 1537.1 Wind as Source of Energy 1537.1.1 Origin ofWind 1537.1.2 Wind Power Potential 1547.2 Power and Energy inWind 1557.3 Aerodynamics ofWind Turbines 1567.3.1 Momentum 1577.4 Types ofWind Turbines 1607.4.1 Horizontal-AxisWind Turbines 1607.4.1.1 Horizontal-AxisWind Turbines withWake Rotation 1617.4.2 Vertical-AxisWind Turbines 1647.4.3 Main Components ofWind Turbine 1667.4.3.1 Drive Train 1677.5 Dynamics and Control ofWind Turbines 1677.5.1 Pitch Control 1687.5.2 Yaw Control 1697.5.3 Passive and Active Stall Power Control 1697.5.3.1 Passive Stall Control 1697.5.3.2 Active Stall Control 1697.6 Wind Turbine ConditionMonitoring 1707.7 Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) 1717.7.1 Based on Capacity of Power Generation 1717.7.2 Systems without Power Electronics 1717.8 OffshoreWind Energy 1747.8.1 OffshoreWind Turbines 1747.8.2 Foundation 1747.8.3 Electrical Connection and Installation 1747.8.4 Operation and Maintenance 1757.9 Advantages of OffshoreWind Energy Systems 1757.10 Environmental Impact ofWind Energy Systems 1757.10.1 Impact of Noise 1757.10.2 Electromagnetic Interference 1767.11 Combining theWind Power Generation System with EnergyStorage 1767.12 Summary 176References 1768 Biomass Energy Systems 1798.1 Biomass Energy 1798.2 Biomass Production 1818.2.1 Forest Industries 1828.2.2 Forest Residues 1828.2.2.1 ForestThinnings 1838.2.3 Agriculture Residues 1838.2.4 Energy Crops 1838.2.5 Food and IndustrialWastes 1848.3 Biomass Conversion Process 1858.4 Thermochemical Conversion 1858.4.1 Combustion 1858.4.2 Gasification 1868.4.2.1 Applications 1908.4.3 Pyrolysis 1908.4.3.1 Torrefaction 1938.4.4 Liquefaction 1948.5 Biochemical/Biological Conversion 1948.5.1 Fermentation 1958.5.2 Anaerobic Digestion 1968.5.3 Anaerobic Digestion Technologies Suitable for Dairy Manure 1988.6 Classification of Biogas Plants 1998.7 Mechanical Extraction (with Esterification) 2008.8 Municipal SolidWaste to Energy Conversion 2018.9 The Production of Electricity fromWood and Other Solid Biomass 2038.10 Summary 205References 2059 Geothermal Energy 2079.1 The Origin of Geothermal Energy 2079.2 Types of Geothermal Resources 2089.3 Hydrothermal Resources 2109.3.1 Vapour-Dominated Systems 2119.3.2 Water-Dominated Systems 2129.4 The Geopressured Resources 2139.5 Hard Rock Resources 2149.5.1 Solidified (Hot Dry Rock Resources) 2149.5.2 Part Still Molten (Magma) 2149.6 Energy Contents of Geothermal Resources 2159.6.1 Hard Dry Rock Resources 2159.7 Exploration of Geothermal Resources 2169.8 Geophysical Methods in Geothermal Exploration 2179.8.1 Thermal Methods 2179.8.2 Electrical Methods 2179.8.3 MagneticMeasurements 2189.9 Geochemical Techniques 2199.9.1 Water or Solute Geothermometers 2199.9.1.1 Na-K Geothermometer 2199.9.1.2 Na-K-Ca Geothermometer 2209.9.2 Gas Thermometers 2209.9.3 Isotopes 2209.9.4 Drilling 2209.10 Utilization of Geothermal Resource 2219.10.1 Electricity Generation from Geothermal Resources 2229.10.2 Dry Steam Power Plants 2229.10.3 Single-Flash Steam Power Plant 2239.10.4 Double-Flash Power Plant 2259.10.5 Binary Cycle Power Plant 2269.11 Enhanced Geothermal Systems 2279.11.1 Combined or Hybrid Plants 2279.11.2 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Plants 2279.12 Direct Use of Geothermal Energy 2289.13 Environmental Impact 2309.14 Summary 231References 23110 Ocean Energy 23310.1 Energy from Ocean 23310.2 Harnessing the Tidal Energy 23510.2.1 Tidal Barrage Power 23610.2.2 Tidal Barrage Technologies 23610.2.3 Tidal Stream Power 23710.2.4 Dynamic Tidal Power Generation 23810.3 Energy of Tides 23810.4 Turbine Technologies 24010.4.1 Horizontal-Axis Turbines 24010.4.2 Vertical-Axis Turbines 24110.4.3 Reciprocating Hydrofoils 24210.5 Support Structure 24210.5.1 Gravity Structures 24210.5.2 Piled Structures 24210.5.3 Floating Foundations 24310.6 Wave Energy 24310.6.1 Wave Energy and Power 24310.7 Wave Energy Converters 24510.7.1 OscillatingWater Column 24510.7.2 Oscillating Body 24610.7.3 Overtopping Converters (or Terminators) 24610.7.4 Point Absorbers and Attenuators 24710.8 Power Takeoff Systems 24810.8.1 Air Turbines for OWC 24910.8.2 Hydraulic Systems 24910.8.3 Water Turbines 25010.8.4 Direct Drive 25010.9 Piezoelectric Generators 25210.9.1 Power Extraction Systems 25310.10 OceanThermal Energy Conversion 25410.10.1 Technology for OTEC 25410.10.1.1 Closed-Cycle 25510.10.1.2 Open-Cycle 25610.10.1.3 Hybrid Systems 25710.11 Summary 258References 25811 Fuel Cells 26111.1 Fuel Cell Technologies 26111.2 Types of Fuel Cells 26211.3 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell 26211.3.1 Water Management 26311.3.2 Fuel Requirement 26511.3.3 Reforming Technologies 26511.3.3.1 Partial Oxidation 26611.3.4 Hydrogen Storage 26611.3.5 Catalysts for PEM Fuel Cell 26711.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 26711.4.1 Electrolytes for SOFC 26811.5 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell 26911.6 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell 27011.7 Alkaline Fuel Cell 27211.8 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell 27411.8.1 CO Removal 27611.9 Fuel Cell Stacks 27611.9.1 Cooling with Separate Airflow 27711.9.2 Liquid Cooling 27711.10 Fuel Cell Applications 27811.10.1 Application in Automobile Industry 27811.10.2 Stationary Power Applications 27811.10.3 Portable Applications 27911.11 Modelling of Fuel Cell 28011.11.1 Steady-StateModel 28011.12 Summary 281References 28112 Small Hydropower Plant 28312.1 Hydropower 28312.2 Classification of Hydropower Plants 28412.2.1 Basics of Hydropower Generation 28512.3 Resource Assessment 28512.3.1 Velocity Area Method 28612.3.2 Float Method 28712.4 System Components 28812.4.1 DiversionWeir 28812.4.1.1 Side Intake withoutWeir 28812.4.1.2 Side Intake withWeir 28812.4.1.3 Bottom Intake 28812.4.2 Water Conductor System or Channels 28912.4.3 Forebay Tank 28912.4.4 Penstock 28912.4.5 Spillways 28912.5 Turbines 29012.6 Impulse Turbines 29012.6.1 Pelton Turbine 29112.6.2 Cross-Flow Turbine 29212.6.3 Turgo Turbine 29312.7 Reaction Turbine 29412.7.1 The Propeller Turbine 29512.7.2 Reverse Pump Turbines 29512.8 Generators for Small Hydro Plants 29612.9 Design Considerations of Micro-Hydropower Plants 29712.9.1 Example 299References 29913 Control of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic and Wind Energy Systems 30113.1 Introduction 30113.2 Operation and Control of Grid-Connected PV System 30213.2.1 Control of Single-Phase PV System 30213.2.1.1 Control of PV-Side dc/dc Converter 30313.2.1.2 Control of Grid-Side Inverter 30413.2.1.3 Inner Current Loop 30513.3 Grid Synchronization 30513.4 Control of Three-Phase Grid-Connected PV system 30613.5 Selection of Inverter for PV System 30713.5.1 Central Inverters 30713.5.2 String Inverter 30813.5.3 ac Module Inverter 30913.5.4 Multi-String Inverters 31013.6 Power Decoupling 31113.7 Isolation Between Input and Output 31113.8 Transformers and Interconnections 31113.8.1 Transformerless PV Inverter Topologies 31213.9 Filters for Grid-Connected PV Inverters 31413.10 Islanding DetectionMethods 31413.11 Operation and Control of Grid-ConnectedWind Energy System 31513.11.1 Grid Integration ofWind Turbine System 31613.11.2 Power Electronics inWind Energy System 31713.11.3 Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator–BasedWind Turbine Systems 31813.11.3.1 Control of a DFIG under Unbalanced Grid 31913.11.4 PMSG-BasedWind Energy Conversion System 32013.11.4.1 Current-Source-Based PMSG 32113.12 Summary 322References 32214 Renewable Energy Sources Integration in Microgrid 32514.1 Microgrid 32514.2 Types of Microgrids 32714.3 dc Microgrid 32714.3.1 Control Methods for dc Grid System 32914.3.2 Energy Storage System 33014.3.3 Operational Modes of dc Microgrid 33014.3.3.1 Mode 1: IslandingMode (Battery Discharge) 33014.3.3.2 Mode 2: IslandingMode (Excess Power Available) 33114.3.3.3 Mode 3: Grid-Connected Mode (Power Taken from Grid) 33114.3.3.4 Mode 4: Grid-Connected Mode (Power Supplied to Grid) 33214.3.4 Application of dc Microgrids 33214.4 ac Microgrid 33214.4.1 Interconnected or Grid-Connected Mode 33314.4.2 Islanded Mode 33414.5 Control of ac Microgrid in Grid-Connected Mode 33414.5.1 Primary Control 33714.5.2 Secondary Control 33714.5.3 Tertiary Control 33814.6 Autonomous Operation of Microgrid 33814.6.1 Islanding Detection 33914.6.1.1 ImpedanceMeasurement Method 34014.6.1.2 Slip-Mode Frequency Shift (SMS) Method 34014.6.1.3 Active Frequency Drift Method 34014.6.1.4 Sandia Frequency Shift (SFS) 34114.6.2 Stability Issues 34214.7 Load Frequency Control in Microgrid 34214.7.1 Secondary Load-Frequency Control 34314.8 Combined ac/dc Microgrid 34314.8.1 Operation and Control of Hybrid ac/dc Grid 34414.8.2 Modelling 34514.9 Summary 345References 345Index 347