Equine Reproductive Procedures

THE EDITORS JOHN DASCANIO, VMD, Diplomate ACT, Diplomate ABVP (Equine) is the Senior Associate Dean for Academic and Student Affairs and a Professor of Theriogenology at the Texas Tech University School of Veterinary Medicine in Amarillo, Texas, USA and was named the 2018 Theriogenologist of the Year by the American College of Theriogenologists. PATRICK MCCUE, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACT is the Iron Rose Ranch Professor of Equine Reproduction at Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA and was named the 2017 Theriogenologist of the Year by the American College of Theriogenologists.

The second edition of Equine Reproductive Procedures is an expanded and comprehensive resource for veterinary clinicians, veterinary students, and reproductive specialists. It is authored by multiple respected international experts in theriogenology and equine reproductive clinical practice….All chapters are clear, concise, and descriptive, with well-annotated and supplementary images and diagrams. The book is appropriately priced and is a recommended addition to the reference library of all practitioners of equine reproduction.” - JAVMA | SEP 15, 2021 | VOL 259 | NO. 6

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xvPart I Non-Pregnant Mare 11 Reproductive Evaluation 3Patrick M. McCue2 Teasing 7Patrick M. McCue3 Tail Wrap and Preparation/Washing of the Perineum 11John J. Dascanio4 Placement of a Tail Rope 17John J. Dascanio5 Perineal Conformation Evaluation 21John J. Dascanio6 Removal of a Persistent Hymen 25John J. Dascanio7 Palpation of the Reproductive Tract 27Patrick M. McCue8 Ultrasound Evaluation 31Patrick M. McCue9 Prediction of Ovulation 37Patrick M. McCue10 Speculum Examination of the Vagina 41John J. Dascanio11 Digital Examination of the Vagina/Cervix 45Sofie Sitters12 Uterine Culture Collection: Swab/Brush 49John J. Dascanio13 Antimicrobiotic Sensitivity Testing 53Jillian Bishop and Patrick M. McCue14 Microbiology: Microbial Culture 5Patrick M. McCue and Jillian Bishop15 Microbiology: Gram Stain 59Jillian Bishop and Patrick M. McCue16 qPCR Assay for the Diagnosis of Infectious Endometritis 61Ryan A. Ferris and Patrick M. McCue17 Uterine Cytology Collection: Swab/Brush 67John J. Dascanio and Ryan A. Ferris18 Uterine Culture/Cytology: Low Volume Lavage 73John J. Dascanio19 Endometrial Biopsy 77Patrick M. McCue20 Hysteroscopic Examination of the Uterus 81Patrick M. McCue21 Endometrial Cyst Removal 85John J. Dascanio22 Chromosomal Analysis 89Terje Raudsepp23 Endocrinological Examination 97Patrick M. McCue24 Laparoscopic Examination of the Female Reproductive Track with Ovarian Biopsy 99Dean A. Hendrickson25 Evaluation of the Mammary Gland 103Patrick M. McCue26 Antisperm Antibody Testing 107Patrick M. McCue27 Starch Granule Test for the Evaluation of Oviductal Patency 109Sofie Sitters and John J. Dascanio28 Fluorescent Microspheres Test for Evaluation of Oviductal Patency 111Sofie Sitters and John J. Dascanio29 Oviductal Flush Procedure for the Evaluation of Oviductal Patency 113Sofie Sitters and Patrick M. McCue30 Prostaglandin E2 Treatment for Blocked Oviducts 117Patrick M. McCue, Sofie Sitters and Charles F. Scoggin31 Prostaglandin E1 Treatment for Blocked Oviducts 119Patrick M. McCue and Charles F. Scoggin32 Hysteroscopic Hydrotubation of the Oviducts 121Charles F. Scoggin33 Transvaginal Ovarian Biopsy 123Claire E. Card34 Uterine Lavage 127John J. Dascanio35 Uterine Infusion 131John J. Dascanio36 Therapeutics for Infectious Endometritis 133Ryan A. Ferris37 Bacterial Biofilm and Endometritis 137Ryan A. Ferris38 Latent Uterine Bacterial Infections 141Morten Rønn Petersen and Anders Miki Bojesen39 Acupuncture in Mare Reproduction 143Kristina Lu and Lauren Javernick40 Restraint for Breeding 149John J. Dascanio41 Natural Service: Pasture Breeding 151Patrick M. McCue42 Natural Service: In-hand Breeding 153Charles F. Scoggin43 Breeding Stitches 157Charles F. Scoggin44 Reinforcement Breeding 159Charles F. Scoggin45 Breeding with Fresh or Cooled Semen 161John J. Dascanio and Patrick M. McCue46 Insemination Through a Vaginal Speculum 165Patrick M. McCue47 Breeding with Frozen Semen 167John J. Dascanio48 Deep Horn Insemination 171John J. Dascanio49 Hysteroscopic (Low Dose) Insemination 173Patrick M. McCue50 Transvaginal Oocyte Pickup 177Jennifer N. Hatzel51 Packaging and transport of oocytes 183Jennifer N. Hatzel52 Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection 187Jennifer N. Hatzel and JoAnne Stokes53 Caslick Operation or Vulvoplasty 191John J. Dascanio54 Contagious Equine Metritis Testing 195John J. Dascanio55 Management of Seasonal Anestrus: Artificial Photoperiod 199Patrick M. McCue56 Management of Seasonal Anestrus: Hormone Therapy 201Patrick M. McCue57 Hormone Therapy in Cycling Mares 205Patrick M. McCue58 Estrus Suppression 211Patrick M. McCue59 Intrauterine Devices for Estrus Suppression 215Carlos M. Gradil60 Immunocontraception 221Patrick M. McCue61 Harvesting and Shipping Ovaries for Oocyte Recovery 223Patrick M. McCuePart II Pregnant Mare 22562 Embryo Collection 227Patrick M. McCue63 Embryo Evaluation 231Patrick M. McCue64 Embryo Biopsy 235Patrick M. McCue65 Embryo Packaging for Cooled Transport 237Patrick M. McCue66 Embryo Cryopreservation 241Patrick M. McCue67 Non-Surgical Embryo Transfer 245Patrick M. McCue68 Autogenous Transfer of ICSI-Derived Embryos 249Jennifer N. Hatzel69 Palpation per Rectum of the Pregnant Reproductive Tract 253Sofie Sitters70 Ultrasound Examination of the Pregnant Reproductive Tract 257Patrick M. McCue71 Speculum Examination of the Pregnant Mare 263Sofie Sitters72 Determination of Fetal Sex at 55–200 days 265Richard D. Holder73 Assessment of Late-Term Fetal Well-being 273John J. Dascanio74 Combined Thickness of the Uterus and Placenta 277Patrick M. McCue75 Placentitis: Diagnosis and Treatment 281Justin W. McNaughten and Margo L. Macpherson76 Doppler Ultrasonography 287John J. Dascanio77 Prediction of Fetal Age 291John J. Dascanio78 Twin Reduction: Manual Technique 295John J. Dascanio79 Twin Reduction: Transvaginal Aspiration 299John J. Dascanio80 Twin Reduction: Cranio-Cervical Dislocation 303Karen Wolfsdorf81 Twin Reduction: Thoracic Compression 307Patrick M. McCue82 Twin Reduction: Transabdominal Fetal Cardiac Puncture 309John J. Dascanio83 Elective Termination of Pregnancy 313John J. Dascanio84 Abortion Diagnostic Evaluation: Sample Collection in the Field and Submission 317Julie T. Cecere and John J. Dascanio85 Endocrine Evaluation of Pregnancy 319Patrick M. McCue86 Treatment of Vaginal Varicosities 323John J. Dascanio87 Manual Correction of Uterine Torsion 327John J. Dascanio88 Preparation for Foaling 331John J. Dascanio89 Assessment of Mammary Gland Secretions to Predict Foaling 335John J. Dascanio90 Assessment of pH of Mammary Gland Secretions to Predict Foaling 339Patrick M. McCue91 Monitoring of Peri-Parturient Mares Using Video and Web Cameras 343Ryan A. Ferris92 Foaling Alert: Vulvar Device 345John J. Dascanio93 Positional Labor Alert Devices 347Ryan A. Ferris94 Induction of Parturition 351John J. Dascanio95 Normal Foaling 355John J. Dascanio96 Premature Separation of the Placenta 361Patrick M. McCue97 Dystocia Management 365Patrick M. McCue and Sofie Sitters98 Dystocia Correction 369John J. Dascanio99 Fetotomy 375John J. Dascanio100 Epidural 381John J. Dascanio101 Induction of Lactation to Create a Nurse Mare 383Pouya Dini and Peter F. Daels102 Screening to Prevent Neonatal Isoerythrolysis 385Patrick M. McCuePart III Postpartum Mare 387103 Evaluation of Colostrum Specific Gravity 389Patrick M. McCue104 Evaluation of Colostrum Quality: Brix Refractometry 393Patrick M. McCue105 Colostrum Banking 395Patrick M. McCue106 Obtaining Milk from the Mare 399John J. Dascanio107 Placental Evaluation 401Patrick M. McCue108 Removal of Retained Placenta 407John J. Dascanio109 Abdominocentesis 413John J. Dascanio110 Uterine Prolapse Treatment 415John J. Dascanio111 Buhner Needle Placement of a Perivulvar Suture 419John J. DascanioPart IV Stallion 423112 Breeding Soundness Evaluation 425Patrick M. McCue113 Training the Stallion to Use a Phantom 429John J. Dascanio114 Missouri Artificial Vagina 433John J. Dascanio and Lynda M. J. Miller115 Colorado Model Artificial Vagina 437Patrick M. McCue116 Roanoke Artificial Vagina 441John J. Dascanio117 Hannover Artificial Vagina 445Sofie Sitters118 Teaser Stallions 447Charles F. Scoggin119 Standing Semen Collection 449John J. Dascanio120 Collection of Semen Using an Open-Ended Artificial Vagina 453Patrick M. McCue121 Chemical Ejaculation 455Patrick M. McCue122 Preparation of a Jump Mare or a Mare for Natural Cover 457John J. Dascanio123 Washing the Penis 459John J. Dascanio124 Evaluation of Sexual Behavior 463John J. Dascanio and Sue M. McDonnell125 Enhancement of Sexual Interest and Response 467Sue M. McDonnell126 Management of Ejaculation Difficulty 471Sue M. McDonnell127 Calibrated Spectrophotometer Evaluation of Sperm Concentration 475John J. Dascanio128 Hemocytometer Evaluation of Sperm Concentration 479John J. Dascanio129 NucleoCounter® Evaluation of Sperm Concentration and Viability 483Patrick M. McCue130 Visual Evaluation of Sperm Motility 489Patrick M. McCue131 Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis 491John J. Dascanio and Lynda M. J. Miller132 Eosin-Nigrosin Staining in the Evaluation of Sperm 495Julie T. Cecere133 Evaluation of Sperm Morphology 499Leonardo Brito134 Determination of Daily Sperm Output 505Patrick M. McCue135 Measurement of Testicular Size and Estimation of Daily Sperm Output 507Patrick M. McCue136 Wet Mount Evaluation of Sperm 511John J. Dascanio137 Diff-Quik® Evaluation of Round Cells and Sperm 513John J. Dascanio and Lynda M. J. Miller138 Electron Microscopy of Constituents of Seminal Ejaculates 515D. N. Rao Veeramachaneni139 Bacterial Culture 519John J. Dascanio140 Evaluation of pH and Osmolarity of Semen 521Patrick M. McCue141 Alkaline Phosphatase: A Marker for Ejaculation 523Patrick M. McCue142 Diagnosis and Management of Urospermia 525John J. Dascanio143 Hemospermia 529Patrick M. McCue144 Semen Extenders and Sperm Media 533Patrick M. McCue145 Preparation of Semen for Cooled Transport 537Etta A. Bradecamp146 Packing Semen for Cooled Transport 541Etta A. Bradecamp147 Longevity Testing of Sperm 547John J. Dascanio148 Calculation of g Force for Centrifuging Semen 549John J. Dascanio149 Centrifugation of Semen: Standard Technique 551Etta A. Bradecamp150 Centrifugation of Semen: Cushion Technique 557Etta A. Bradecamp151 Centrifugation of Semen: Selection of Motile Sperm Using a Single Layer Colloid Technique 561Etta A. Bradecamp152 Use of a SpermFilter 563Marco A. Alvarenga and Lorenzo G. T. M. Segabinazzi153 Semen Freezing 567Patrick M. McCue154 Refreezing Semen 573Patrick M. McCue155 Thawing Frozen Semen 577John J. Dascanio156 Semen Processing for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection 581Patrick M. McCue157 Preparing a Vapor Shipper 585Julie T. Cecere and Paul Loomis158 Loading a Vapor Shipper 589Julie T. Cecere and Paul Loomis159 Maintaining a Long-Term Frozen Semen Storage Tank 591John J. Dascanio160 International Transport of Frozen Semen 593Paul Loomis161 Harvesting and Shipping Testes 597John J. Dascanio162 Epididymal Sperm Recovery 599John J. Dascanio and Lynda M. J. Miller163 Endoscopic Examination of the Urethra 603Patrick M. McCue164 Endoscopic-Guided Cannulation of the Seminal Vesicles 607Patrick M. McCue165 Palpation and Ultrasonography of the Testis, Epididymis, and Spermatic Cord 609Sofie Sitters166 Palpation and Ultrasonography of the Accessory Sex Glands 615Sofie Sitters167 Radiographic Examination of the Penis 621Patrick M. McCue168 Testicular Biopsy and Aspiration 623John J. Dascanio169 Assessment of Sperm Plasma Membrane Integrity and Viability: Propidium Iodide/SYBR-14 627Amanda I. Glazar, and Patrick M. McCue170 Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay 629Charles Love171 Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test 633Patrick M. McCue172 Assessment of Sperm Acrosomal Status: PE-PNA 635Amanda I. Glazar and Patrick M. McCue173 Assessment of Sperm Mitochondrial Function: JC–1 and Rhodamine 123 637Amanda I. Glazar, and Patrick M. McCue174 Equine Viral Arteritis Testing 639G. Reed Holyoak and Udeni B. R. Balasuriya175 Diagnostic Endocrinology: Baseline Hormone Levels 645Patrick M. McCue176 Diagnostic Endocrinology: GnRH Stimulation Tests 647Patrick M. McCue177 Diagnostic Endocrinology: hCG Stimulation Test 649Patrick M. McCue178 Diagnostic Endocrinology: Estrogen Conjugate Assay 653Patrick M. McCue179 Diagnostic Tests for Cryptorchidism 655Patrick M. McCue180 Probang Apparatus 659Julie T. Cecere181 Support Apparatus for Paraphimosis 663John J. Dascanio182 Equine Castration Techniques 667Stacy Anderson183 Stallion Acupuncture 671Rhonda A. RathgeberPart V Newborn Foal 675184 Birth Resuscitation 677Patrick M. McCue185 Handling and Restraint 681Undine Christmann186 Madigan Foal Squeeze Technique 687John Madigan187 Evaluation of Passive Transfer 691Patrick M. McCue188 Colostral Administration via Naso-Gastric Intubation 695John J. Dascanio189 Sedation 699Undine Christmann190 Intravenous Catheter Placement 701Undine Christmann191 Plasma Therapy in the Foal 707Undine Christmann192 Acupuncture in the Neonate 711Peter Morresey193 Routine Care 713Patrick M. McCue194 Foal Rejection 719Patrick M. McCue195 Fostering a Foal onto a Nurse Mare 723Peter F. Daels and Pouya Dini196 Entropion 725John J. Dascanio197 Umbilical Ultrasound 727Undine Christmann198 Management of Soft Tissue Laxity 733Stacy Anderson199 Management of Angular Limb Deformities 735Stacy Anderson200 Management of Congenital Flexural Limb Deformities 739Stacy AndersonPart VI Appendices 745Appendix A Society for Theriogenology Stallion Reproductive Evaluation Form 745Appendix B Mare Breeding Soundness Evaluation Form 749Appendix C Formulary for Equine Reproduction 751Appendix D Foaling Kit and Associated Equipment and Supplies 759Index 761