Water and Wastewater Engineering: Design Principles and Practice, Second Edition

Mackenzie L. Davis, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, is an Emeritus Professor of Environmental Engineering at Michigan State University. He received all his degrees from the University of Illinois. From 1968 to 1971 he served as a Captain in the U.S. Army Medical Service Corps. During his military service he conducted air pollution surveys at Army ammunition plants. From 1971 to 1973 he was Branch Chief of the Environmental Engineering Branch at the U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory. His responsibilities included supervision of research on air, noise, and water pollution control and solid waste management for Army facilities. In 1973 he joined the faculty at Michigan State University. He has taught and conducted research in the areas of air pollution control and hazardous waste management.In 1987 and 1989–1992, under an intergovernmental personnel assignment with the Office of Solid Waste of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Dr. Davis performed technology assessments of treatment methods used to demonstrate the regulatory requirements for the land disposal restrictions (“land ban”) promulgated under the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments. Dr. Davis is a member of the following professional organizations: American Chemical Society, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Society for Engineering Education, American Meteorological Society, American Society of Civil Engineers, American Water Works Association, Air & Waste Management Association, Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors, and the Water Environment Federation.His honors and awards include the State-of-the-Art Award from the ASCE, Chapter Honor Member of Chi Epsilon, Sigma Xi, election as a Fellow in the Air & Waste Management Association, and election as a Diplomate in the American Academy of Environmental Engineers with certification in hazardous waste management. He has received teaching awards from the American Society of Civil Engineers Student Chapter, Michigan State University College of Engineering, North Central Section of the American Society for Engineering Education, Great Lakes Region of Chi Epsilon, and the Amoco Corporation. In 1998, he received the Lyman A. Ripperton Award for distinguished achievement as an educator from the Air & Waste Management Association. In 2007, he was recognized as the Educational Professional of the Year by theMichigan Water Environment Association. He is a registered professional engineer in Michigan.Dr. Davis is the author of a student and professional edition of Water and Wastewater Engineering and Co-author of Principles of Environmental Engineering with Dr. Susan Masten. In 2003, Dr. Davis retired from Michigan State University.

• Preface Professional Advisory Board for the Second Edition Professional Advisory Board for the First Edition 1 The Design and Construction Processes 1-1 Introduction 1-2 Project Participants 1-3 The Professional–Client Relationship and the Code of Ethics 1-4 Responsible Care 1-5 Overall Design Process 1-6 Overall Construction Process 1-7 Hints from the Field 1-8 Chapter Review 1-9 Problems 1-10 Discussion Questions 1-11 References 2 General Water Supply Design Considerations 2-1 Water Demand 2-2 Water Source Evaluation 2-3 Water Quality 2-4 Evaluation of Process Options 2-5 Plant Sizing and Layout 2-6 Plant Location 2-7 Chapter Review 2-8 Problems 2-9 Discussion Questions 2-10 References 3 Intake Structures 3-1 Introduction 3-2 Design Elements 3-3 Design Criteria 3-4 Operational Considerations 3-5 Operation and Maintenance 3-6 Chapter Review 3-7 Problems 3-8 Discussion Questions 3-9 References 4 Wells 4-1 Introduction 4-2 Design Elements 4-3 Well Protection 4-4 Well Design 4-5 Chapter Review 4-6 Problems 4-7 Discussion Questions 4-8 References 5 Chemical Handling and Storage 5-1 Introduction 5-2 Redundancy and Capacity Provisions 5-3 Delivery, Handling, and Storage 5-4 Chemical Feed and Metering Systems 5-5 Chemical Compatibility 5-6 Materials Compatibility 5-7 Designing for Safety and Hazardous Conditions 5-8 Operation and Maintenance 5-9 Chapter Review 5-10 Problems 5-11 Discussion Questions 5-12 References 6 Coagulation and Flocculation 6-1 Introduction 6-2 Characteristics of Particles 6-3 Coagulation Theory 6-4 Coagulation Practice 6-5 Flocculation Theory 6-6 Mixing Theory 6-7 Mixing Practice 6-8 Operation and Maintenance 6-9 Chapter Review 6-10 Problems 6-11 Discussion Questions 6-12 References 7 Lime-Soda Softening 7-1 Hardness 7-2 Lime-Soda Softening 7-3 Softening Processes 7-4 Chemical Dosages Based on Stoichiometry 7-5 Concurrent Removal of Other Constituents 7-6 Process Configurations and Design Criteria 7-7 Operation and Maintenance 7-8 Stabilization 7-9 Chapter Review 7-10 Problems 7-11 Discussion Questions 7-12 References 8 Ion Exchange 8-1 Introduction 8-2 Fundamental Concepts of Ion Exchange 8-3 Process Operation 8-4 Ion Exchange Practice 8-5 Operation and Maintenance 8-6 Chapter Review 8-7 Problems 8-8 Discussion Question 8-9 References 9 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration 9-1 Introduction 9-2 Theory 9-3 Properties of RO and NF Membranes 9-4 RO and NF Practice 9-5 Electrodialysis 9-6 Chapter Review 9-7 Problems 9-8 Discussion Question 9-9 References 10 Sedimentation 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Sedimentation Theory 10-3 Sedimentation Practice 10-4 Sedimentation Basin Design 10-5 Operation and Maintenance 10-6 Chapter Review 10-7 Problems 10-8 Discussion Questions 10-9 References 11 Granular Filtration 11-1 Introduction 11-2 An Overview of the Filtration Process 11-3 Filter Media Characteristics 11-4 Granular Filtration Theory 11-5 Theory of Granular Filter Hydraulics 11-6 Granular Filtration Practice 11-7 Operation and Maintenance 11-8 Chapter Review 11-9 Problems 11-10 Discussion Questions 11-11 References 12 Membrane Filtration 12-1 Introduction 12-2 Membrane Filtration Theory 12-3 Properties of MF and UF Membranes 12-4 MF and UF Practice 12-5 Chapter Review 12-6 Problems 12-7 Discussion Questions 12-8 References 13 Disinfection, Lead and Copper Rule, Emergency Disinfection, and Fluoridation 13-1 Introduction 13-2 Disinfection 13-3 Corrosion Control 13-4 Contact Facilities 13-5 Emergency Disinfection 13-6 Fluoridation 13-7 Operation and Maintenance 13-8 Chapter Review 13-9 Problems 13-10 Discussion Questions 13-11 References 14 Removal of Specific Constituents 14-1 Introduction 14-2 Arsenic 14-3 Carbon Dioxide 14-4 Fluoride 14-5 Iron and Manganese 14-6 Nitrate 14-7 Natural Organic Matter (NOM) 14-8 Perchlorate 14-9 Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) 14-10 Radionuclides 14-11 Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs) and Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) 14-12 Taste and Odor (T&O) 14-13 Chapter Review 14-14 Problems 14-15 Discussion Questions 580 14-16 References 15 Water Plant Residuals Management 15-1 Introduction 15-2 Solids Computations 15-3 Solids Production and Characteristics 15-4 Minimization of Residuals Generation 15-5 Recovery of Treatment Chemicals 15-6 Residuals Conveyance 15-7 Management of Sludges 15-8 Management of Liquid Residuals 15-9 Disposal of Specific Residual Constituents 15-10 Ultimate Disposal 15-11 Chapter Review 15-12 Problems 15-13 Discussion Questions 15-14 References 16 Drinking Water Plant Process Selection and Integration 16-1 Introduction 16-2 Process Selection 16-3 Process Integration 16-4 Security 16-5 Chapter Review 16-6 Problems 16-7 Discussion Questions 16-8 References 17 Storage and Distribution Systems 17-1 Introduction 17-2 Demand Estimates 17-3 Service Pressures 17-4 Pipe Network Design 17-5 Storage Tank Design 17-6 Pump Selection 17-7 Network Analysis 17-8 Sanitary Protection 17-9 Chapter Review 17-10 Problems 17-11 Discussion Questions 17-12 References 18 General Wastewater Collection and Treatment Design Considerations 18-1 Wastewater Sources and Flow Rates 18-2 Wastewater Characteristics 18-3 Wastewater Treatment Standards 18-4 Sludge Disposal Regulations 18-5 Plant Sizing and Layout 18-6 Plant Location 18-7 Chapter Review 18-8 Problems 18-9 Discussion Questions 18-10 References 19 Sanitary Sewer Design 19-1 Introduction 19-2 Predesign Activities 19-3 Gravity Sewer Collection System Design 19-4 Alternative Sewers 19-5 Pump Station Design 19-6 Operation and Maintenance 19-7 Economic and Energy Considerations 19-8 Sewer Safety 19-9 Chapter Review 19-10 Problems 19-11 Discussion Questions 19-12 References 20 Headworks and Preliminary Treatment 20-1 Introduction 20-2 Pump Station 20-3 Flow Measurement 20-4 Bar Racks and Screens 20-5 Coarse Solids Reduction 20-6 Grit Removal 20-7 Flow Equalization 20-8 Alternative Preliminary Process Arrangements 20-9 Chapter Review 20-10 Problems 20-11 Discussion Questions 20-12 References 21 Primary Treatment 21-1 Introduction 21-2 Sedimentation Theory 21-3 Sedimentation Practice 21-4 Sedimentation Basin Design 21-5 Other Primary Treatment Alternatives 21-6 Chapter Review 21-7 Problems 21-8 References 22 Wastewater Microbiology 22-1 Introduction 22-2 Role of Microorganisms 22-3 Classification of Microorganisms 22-4 Microbial Biochemistry 22-5 Population Dynamics 22-6 Decomposition of Waste 22-7 Microbiology of Secondary Treatment Unit Processes 22-8 Operation and Maintenance 22-9 Chapter Review 22-10 Problems 22-11 Discussion Questions 22-12 References 23 Secondary Treatment by Suspended Growth Biological Processes 23-1 Introduction 23-2 Processes for BOD Removal and Nitrification 23-3 Processes for Denitrification 23-4 Processes for Phosphorus Removal 23-5 Biological Treatment with Membrane Separation 23-6 Suspended Growth Design Principles 23-7 Suspended Growth Design Practice 23-8 Membrane Bioreactor Design Practice 23-9 Chapter Review 23-10 Problems 23-11 Discussion Questions 23-12 References 24 Secondary Treatment by Attached Growth and Hybrid Biological Processes 24-1 Introduction 24-2 Attached Growth Processes 24-3 Attached Growth Design Principles 24-4 Attached Growth Design Practice 24-5 Hybrid Processes 24-6 Chapter Review 24-7 Problems 24-8 References 25 Secondary Settling, Disinfection, and Postaeration 25-1 Introduction 25-2 Secondary Settling 25-3 Disinfection 25-4 Postaeration 25-5 Chapter Review 25-6 Problems 25-7 Discussion Questions 25-8 References 26 Tertiary Treatment 26-1 Introduction 26-2 Chemical Precipitation of Phosphorus 26-3 Granular Filtration 26-4 Membrane Filtration 26-5 Carbon Adsorption 26-6 Advanced Oxidation Processes 26-7 Chapter Review 26-8 Problems 26-9 References 27 Wastewater Plant Residuals Management 27-1 Sludge Handling Alternatives 27-2 Sources and Characteristics of Solids and Biosolids 27-3 Solids Computations 27-4 Grit Handling and Sludge Pumping 27-5 Management of Solids 27-6 Storage and Thickening of Sludges 27-7 Alkaline Stabilization 27-8 Aerobic Digestion 27-9 Anaerobic Digestion 27-10 Sludge Conditioning 27-11 Dewatering <br/> 27-12 Alternative Disposal Techniques 27-13 Land Application of Biosolids 27-14 Chapter Review 27-15 Problems 27-16 References 28 Clean Water Plant Process Selection and Integration 28-1 Introduction 28-2 Process Selection 28-3 Simulation Modeling 28-4 Process Integration 28-5 Chapter Review 28-6 Problems 28-7 References 29 Direct and Indirect Potable Reuse 29-1 Introduction 29-2 Water Quality Standards 29-3 Basic Design Principles 29-4 Design Practice 29-5 Case Studies: Indirect Potable Reuse 29-6 Case Studies: Direct Potable Reuse 29-7 Chapter Review 29-8 References Appendix A Properties of Air, Water, and Selected Chemicals Appendix B U.S. Standard Sieve Sizes Appendix C Pipe, Fitting, and Valve Data Appendix D U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ct Values for Disinfectants Index