Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives, Volume 8

Kashmiri Lal Mittal, PhD, was employed by the IBM Corporation from 1972 through 1993. Currently, he is teaching and consulting worldwide in the broad areas of adhesion, as well as surface cleaning. He has received numerous awards and honors including the title of doctor honoris causa from Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland. He is the editor of more than 150 books dealing with adhesion measurement, adhesion of polymeric coatings, polymer surfaces, adhesive joints, adhesion promoters, thin films, polyimides, surface modification surface cleaning, and surfactants.

• Preface xiii1 Limitations of Multicomponent Theories in Surface Thermodynamics and Adhesion Science 1C. Della Volpe and S. Siboni1.1 Introduction 11.2 Acid-Base Theories 71.2.1 Owens-Wendt Model 91.2.2 van Oss-Chaudhury-Good (vOCG) Theory 101.2.3 Chang-Chen Theory 131.3 General Criticism of Acid-Base Theories 171.3.1 About High-Energy Solid Surfaces 171.3.2 About Geometric Mean Approximation for Dispersion Interactions 191.3.3 Tabulated Values of Surface Free Energy Components for Standard Liquids 201.3.4 Connections with Linear Free Energy Relationships and Multiplicity of Scales 211.4 Criticism of Specific Acid-Base Models 231.4.1 Owens-Wendt Model 231.4.2 van Oss, Chaudhury, and Good Acid-Base Model 241.4.3 Chang-Chen Acid-Base Model 261.5 More Fundamental Criticism of Acid-Base Models 261.6 Summary 292 Plasma-Deposited Polymer Layers as Adhesion Promoters 37Jörg Florian Friedrich2.1 Introduction 382.1.1 History 382.1.2 General View on Adhesion Promotion 392.1.3 Importance of Adhesion-Promoting Polymer Layers 442.1.4 Virtues of Plasma Polymer Layers 462.1.5 Attempts to Modify Fillers, Fibers and Foils with Adhesion-Promoting Plasma Polymers 492.2 Parameters Affecting the Performance of Plasma Polymer Layer 522.2.1 Chemical Nature of Plasma Polymer 522.2.2 Plasma Polymerization Mechanism 552.2.3 Adhesion Promotion 572.2.4 Loss of Monosort Functional Groups During Plasma Polymerization 592.2.4.1 Allylamine 592.2.4.2 Allyl Alcohol 622.2.4.3 Acrylic Acid 632.2.4.4 Allyl Bromide 632.2.5 Problematic Aspects of Plasma Polymers 642.2.6 Thickness Variation 692.2.7 Mechanical Properties of Plasma Polymers 692.2.8 Need for Flexibility Along the Interface 702.2.9 Supermolecular Structures in Plasma Polymers? 712.2.10 Trapped Radicals as Adhesion Promoter 712.3 Effect of Plasma Polymer Layers on Adhesion of Laminates 762.3.1 Peel Strength of Plasma Polymers to Metals and Polymers 762.3.2 Influence of Flexibility Along the Aluminium-Plasma Polymer Interface on Peel Strength 782.3.3 Dependence of Al Adhesion to Functional Group of Plasma Polymer 802.3.4 Plasma Polymers as Substitute for Flexible Aliphatic Spacer Molecules 812.3.5 Variation of the Density of Functional Groups by Copolymerization in the Plasma 852.3.6 Ultimate Adhesion 862.3.7 Atmospheric Barrier Discharge 912.3.8 Prevention of Post-Plasma Ageing of Deposited Plasma Polymer Films 952.3.9 Other Alternatives for Deposition of Adhesion-Promoting Polymer Layers 972.4 Summary and Conclusions 1033 Functional Interlayers Developed to Control Interfacial Adhesion in Polymer Composites Reinforced with Glass and Basalt Fibers 119Tomas Plichta and Vladimir Cech3.1 Introduction 1203.2 Materials and Methods 1233.2.1 Materials 1233.2.2 Deposition Chambers 1253.2.3 Thin Film Deposition 1253.2.4 Spectroscopic Ellipsometry 1263.2.5 Mechanical Profilometry 1263.2.6 Mass Spectrometry 1273.2.7 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry -- FTIR 1273.2.8 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy -- XPS 1283.2.9 Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry and Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis 1283.2.10 Surface Free Energy 1293.2.11 Nanoscratch Test and Friction Test 1293.2.12 Nanoindentation 1313.2.13 Modulus Mapping 1323.2.14 Atomic Force Microscopy 1333.2.15 Composite Preparation 1343.2.16 Microindentation Test 1343.2.17 Short-Beam Shear Test 1353.2.18 Push-Out Test 1363.3 Results and Discussion 1373.3.1 Why Tetravinylsilane? 1373.3.2 What is a More Appropriate Quantity to Characterize Adhesion: Critical Normal Load or Work of Adhesion 1403.3.3 Study of Interphase Region 1503.3.4 From Thin Films Adhesion to the Interfacial Shear Strength of Composites 1543.3.5 Influence of Pretreatment and Post-Treatment of GFs and Deposited Interlayers and Bilayers on IFSS 1643.3.6 From Critical Normal Load through Micromechanical to Macromechanical Properties GFRCs 1663.3.7 Basalt Fibers in Reinforced Composites 1753.4 Prospects 1773.5 Summary 1783.6 Acknowledgement 1804 Hydrophobic Materials and Coatings from Natural Sources 189Salvador Pérez-Huertas, Thomas Len and Konrad Terpilowski4.1 Introduction 1904.2 Hydrophobization of Natural Materials 1934.2.1 Chemical Modifications 1934.2.2 Physical Modifications 2014.3 Bio-Based Coatings 2074.4 Bio-Based Hydrophobic Surfaces and Coatings; Applications 2084.5 Summary and Outlook 2125 Mechanics of Ice Adhesion 221Sina Nazifi and Hadi Ghasemi5.1 Introduction 2225.2 Work of Adhesion 2235.2.1 Interfacial Bonds 2255.2.2 Roughness 2265.2.3 Plastic Energy Dissipation 2275.3 Macroscopic Work of Fracture 2285.3.1 Energy Release Rate 2305.3.2 Interface Crack Growth Resistance 2315.4 Modeling of Ice Adhesion 2335.4.1 Ice Adhesion to Plastics 2335.4.2 Ice Adhesion to Elastomers 2345.4.3 Ice Adhesion to Non-Homogeneous Surfaces 2365.4.4 Ice Adhesion to Plasticized Polymers 2375.4.5 Ice Adhesion to Low Interfacial Toughness Surfaces 2385.4.6 Ice Adhesion to Fracture-Controlled Surfaces 2395.5 Fracture Mechanics Approach to Describe the Ice Adhesion 2415.6 Summary 2456 Epoxy Adhesive Technology: Latest Developments and New Trends 251Chunfu Chen6.1 Introduction 2526.2 Thermal Low Temperature Cure Epoxy Adhesives 2536.3 Thermal Snap Cure Epoxy Bonding Technology 2606.4 UV Cure Cationic Epoxy Adhesive 2626.5 Dual Cure Hybrid Epoxy Adhesive 2656.6 High Performance Toughened Epoxy Adhesive 269  6.7 Sustainable Epoxy Adhesive Development 2706.8 Summary 2727 Emerging Applications of Hot-Melt Adhesives for Automobile Assembly 283Sarang Subhashchandra Shindalkar and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanianp>7.1 Introduction 284 7.2 Automobile Assembly 2857.3 Parameters Studied to Determine HMA Performance 2867.3.1 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) 2877.3.3 Density as a Function of Temperature 2897.3.4 Single Lap Joint (SLJ) Test 2907.3.5 Environmental Stability 2907.4 Commercially Available HMA Products in Automotive Industry 2927.5 Prospects 2977.6 Summary 2978 Lifetime Estimation of Thermoset Adhesives by Physical and Chemical Ageing Processes 305Bikash Chandra Chakraborty8.1 Introduction 3068.1.1 Physical and Chemical Ageing of Polymers 3068.1.2 Ageing of Adhesives 3088.1.3 Design of Ageing Study 3098.2 Physical Ageing 3108.2.1 Segmental Relaxation and Transitions 3108.2.2 Concept of Approach to Equilibrium 3118.2.3 Basic Characteristics 3128.2.4 Instantaneous and Delayed Creep 3158.2.4.1 Time-Temperature Superposition 3188.2.4.2 Time-Temperature-Stress Superposition 3208.2.4.3 Example of Physical Ageing 3238.2.4.4 Criticality in Physical Ageing Study 3288.2.4.5 Conclusion 3298.2.5 Ageing Study with Stress & Temperature 3298.3 Chemical Ageing 3358.3.1 Thermal Degradation Study by TGA 3368.3.2 Basic TGA Kinetic Expression 3378.3.3 Isoconversion and Model-Free Kinetics 3398.3.3.1 Differential Methods 3398.3.3.2 Integral Methods 3418.3.3.3 Combined Method 3418.3.3.4 Advanced Isoconversion Kinetics 3438.3.3.5 Accuracy of Kinetic Parameters 3438.3.4 Life Estimation 3478.3.4.1 Example 3498.3.4.2 Conclusion 3548.4 Summary 3559 Progress in Nondestructive Evaluation and Condition Monitoring of Adhesive Joints 361Pouria Meshkizadeh and Mohammadreza Farahani9.1 Introduction 3619.2 Acoustic Emission (AE) 3639.2.1 Common Acoustic Emission Features and Operating Parameters 3649.2.2 AE for Locating Damage Source 3659.2.3 AE for Damage Evaluation 3659.3 Infrared Thermography (IRT) 3749.3.1 Active IRT for Damage Evaluation 3759.3.2 IRT for Monitoring Structural Integrity of Loaded Structures 3799.3.3 Estimating the Depth of Defects 3819.4 Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) 3829.4.1 EIT for Evaluating the Quality of Conductive Network 3839.4.2 EIT for Damage Stage Evaluation and Defect Detection 3859.5 Other Advanced Methods 3889.5.1 Digital Image Correlation (DIC) 3889.5.2 Ultrasonic Test (UT) 3919.6 Summary 393References 394Index 405