Minds, Brains, and Computers

Robert Cummins is Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Davis. He is the author of The Nature of Psychological Explanation (1983), Meaning and Mental Representation (1987), and Representations, Targets and Attitudes (1996), as well as many articles and several edited volumes. He specializes in the foundations of cognitive science and the nature of mental representation. Denise D. Cummins is Associate Research Professor of Social Sciences at the University of California, Davis. She is the author of The Other Side of Psychology (1995), The Evolution of Mind (ed. with Colin Allen), and Human Reasoning: an Evolutionary Perspective as well as numerous articles and reviews. She specializes in higher cognition from an evolutionary perspective.

"This anthology features papers that are historically important to cognitive science, giving about equal billing to symbolic, connectionist, and neuroscience viewpoints. Although the papers convey some key findings, their strong point is clarifying assumptions that underlie these three perspectives. Students will find this a valuable sourcebook for the major research traditions." Lance Rips, Northwestern University

• Preface viiiPart I The Mind as Computer 1Introduction 31. A History of Thinking 8D. Dellarosa Cummins2. Minds and Machines20H. Putnam3. Semantic Engines: An Introduction to Mind Design 34J. Haugeland4. The Language of Thought: First Approximations 51J. A. Fodor5. Vision 69D. Marr6. GPS, A Program that Simulates Human Thought 84A. Newell and H. Simon7. A Procedural Model of Language Understanding 95T. Winograd8. A General Learning Theory and its Application to Schema Abstraction 114J. R. Anderson and P. J. Kline, and C. M. Beasley, Jr9. Minds, Brains, and Programs 140J. R. Searle10. Computing, Machinery, and Intelligence 153M. TuringPart II The Mind as Neural Network 169Introduction 17111. The Perceptron A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brian 179F. Rosenblatt12. Cognitive Activity in Artificial Neural Networks 198P. M. Churchland13. Cooperative Computation of Stereo Disparity 217D. Marr and T. Poggio14. On Learning the Past Tenses of English Verbs 225D. E. Rumelhart and J. L. McClelland15. Parallel Networks that Learn to Pronounce English Text 259T. J. Sejnowski and C. R. Rosenberg16. Connectionism and the Problem of Systematicity Why Smolensky's Solution Won't Work 273J. A. Fodor and B. P. McLaughlin17. Connectionism, Constituency, and the Language of Thought 286P. Smolensky18. Rules and Connections in Human Language 307S. Pinker and A. PrincePart III The Mind as Brain 319Introduction 32119. The Organization of Behavior 323D. O. Hebb20. In Search of the Engram 333K. Lashley21. A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity 351W. S. McCulloch and W. H. Pitts22. Is Consciousness a Brain Process? 361U. T. Place23. The Computational Brain: Anatomical and Physiological Techniques 367P. S. Churchland and T. J. Sejnowski24. What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain 382J. Y. Lettvin, H. K. Maturana, W. S. McCulloch, and W. H. Pitts25. Positron Emission Tomographic Studies of the Cortical Anatomy of Single-word Processing 397S. E. Petersen, P. T. Fox, M. I. Posner, M. Minton, and M. E. Raichle26. Computational Neuroscience 405T. J. Sejnowski, C. Koch, and P. S. Churchland27. Two Cortical Visual Systems 420L. G. Ungerleider and M. MishkinPart IV Special Topics 445 Introduction 44728. Recent Contributions to the Theory of Innate Ideas 452N. Chomsky29. The 'Innateness Hypothesis' and the Explanatory Models in Linguistics 458H. Putnam30. Linguistics and Philosophy 464N. Chomsky31. Initial Knowledge Six Suggestions 484E. Spelke32. Précis of the Modularity of Mind 493J. A. Fodor33. Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes 500P. M. Churchland34. The Social Function of Intellect 513N. Humphrey35. Origins of Domain Specificity: The Evolution of Functional Organization 523L. Cosmides and J. ToobyIndex 544